Nature of Industrial Buying: Industrial Marketing

URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ACCOUNTANCY AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION San Vicente West, Urdaneta City 2428 Pangasinan, Philippines Telefax No. (075) 568-7612 Website: www. ucu. edu. com BY: IAN JOSEPH ROBISO MARC TON ALEXIS PEREZ MARITA LABIANO KENT NOEL JAVIER ILENE GONZALES BEVERLY ROSARIO RICHARD SUMERA LOVELY SORIA BSBA-III Major in MARKETING MANAGEMENT SUBMITTED TO: MR. LADI GEORGE L. GASCON INSTRUCTOR Nature of Industrial Buying: Industrial Marketing Buy Phase in Industrial Buying * Buying is an authoritative dynamic procedure There are 8 Phases in Buying Decision Process * In Industrial market the purchasing dynamic procedure perceptible successive stages, understanding these stage assists creating with appropriating selling system The Buying Decision of association is impact by ecological elements, hierarchical variables, relational components and individual elements: * Personal †e. g. Age, Education, Income, Personality, Risk Attitude, Culture * Inter-Personal â⠂¬ e. g. Intrigue, Authority, Status, Empathy, Persuasiveness * Organization †e. g.Objective, Policies, Procedures, Organization Systems and Structure * Environment †e. g. Level of Demand, Economic Viewpoint, Technology Change, Political Development, Social Responsibility 8 Phases in Industrial Buying * Identify the issue †modern advertisers recognize issues in purchasing association and propose how issue is? * General need Description †when the issue is perceived next is to determine the issue. For specialized items, the specialized. * Product Specification †built up an exact articulation of the item or administration, choosing right providers suggest. Providers Research †search of expected providers from vertical center points, practical centers, direct additional connect to significant providers ,exchange * Analyze Suppliers Proposal †when the certified providers chose, the purchasing association gets the solicitation for recommendations. * Supp liers Selection †Evaluation of proposition of contending providers and select providers * Selection of Order And Routine †putting orders w/chose providers, recurrence of the request position, levels of stock follows. Execution Review †execution criticism of the providers happen and post buy assessment Organizational Purchase Situation * New Task †a Situation that the organization is purchasing the thing just because. The purchasing association will regularly have had little involvement in the item or administration. The hazard included is more, choices may take longer time and top administration is included. * Modified Re-Buy †This circumstance happens when the association isn't happy with the exhibition of the current suppliers.Search data about elective wellspring of flexibly. The change I provider is probably going to incorporate a few delegates, including mid level administration and evaluative measures are investigated. * Straight Re-Buy †Buying it ems or administrations consistently and buys that are made before. Rehash orders with the provider. The reordering procedure might be totally computerized or done routinely by administrative staff. Buys are frequently dealt with under an agreement and cost or reliably the predominant evaluative measures. Members in the Business Buying ProcessParticipants in the authoritative purchasing process play asâ many as seven unique jobs, to be specific those ofâ initiator,â influencer, approver, client, decider, purchaser andâ gatekeeper * Initiators †Recognize an issue or a need. The Initiator can be any person in purchasing firm. * Influencers †Individuals impact the purchasing choice. Specialized individuals, for example, quality control engineers, structure engineers have significant effect on buy choice. * Deciders †The real purchasing choices are made by the deciders. They are at least one people engaged with the purchasing decision.Senior administrators may become d eciders. * Buyers †Buyers get citations from providers, assess, arrange, process buy, orders, advance conveys and execute buy strategies. * Users †Usersâ alsoâ play aâ roleâ ofâ initiators Individuals who use items or administrations Define determinations ofâ needed items * Approvers †Approverâ endorse and consent to the purchaseâ andâ also play aâ role ofâ deciders * Gatekeeper †Gatekeepers control the stream ofâ information in regards to items and administrations and control the purchasing place Assistants orâ junior personâ ofâ purchase managersKey Members of Buying Center * Top Management Executives * Managing Director, Presidents, Vice President or General supervisors * Approve buy, choose rules and buy strategy * Technical People * Technical individuals are designâ engineers, creation, quality control, R& D managers * Specify items, specialized assessment, criticism on item provided, haggle with providers * Purchase/Material Depa rtment Senior administrators, junior levels,â purchaser officials or associates * Coordinate with specialized individuals, topâ management, accounts too the providers or sellers * Accounts/Finance for concluding theâ financial endorsements, mode ofâ paymentâ andâ insuranceâ of bankâ guarantees * Marketing * Are the influencers in the purchasing procedure Summary * The modern showcasing need to comprehend the buying targets and buying exercises of the mechanical purchasers. The modern purchasers are affected by both buying goal of the firm and individual targets. The modern purchasers are affected by numerous components, the main considerations like ecological variables, hierarchical elements, relational elements and individual elements. * There are 3 normal sorts of purchasing circumstances including new errand, altered re-purchase and straight re-purchase. * There are 8 periods of purchasing dynamic procedure incorporate Initiator, Influencer, Approver, User, Decider, Buyer and Gatekeeper. The mechanical markets ought to distinguish the key individuals from purchasing focus in each purchasing choice.

Entrepreneurship Solves Low-income Housing in Chicago Essay

Business Solves Low-salary Housing in Chicago - Essay Example This savagery didn't stop as they proceeded for long, whereby it guaranteed the live of a seven-year old kid in the year 1992. The kid was brought down by a wanderer projectile as he was en route to class. Be that as it may, the most forceful assault that was knowledgeable about the region occurred in the year 1997, when a nine-year old young lady was pitilessly assaulted, stifled, assaulted and afterward harmed, which left he in a place that she was unable to have the option to talk or walk. The then city hall leader of Chicago, Jane Byrne, in the year 1981 chose to move into the complex and remain there for approximately not many months in order to learn and see with her own eyes the earnestness of the issues of the lodging venture (Venkatesh, et al 37). Abrogating the undertaking to destroy the issue The course of action to wreck the Cabrini-Green task was a piece of a broad program. The Chicago Housing Authority, in the year 2000, made a declaration on a course of action to cut d own ass the open lodging ventures that were in the city as a component of the Hope VI, which is a national task planned for canceling lodging ventures the country over because of their clear disappointment in taking care of the issue of modest and reasonable lodging in the city and nation all in all (Venkatesh, et al 41). Despite the awful states of the Cabrini-Green, the individuals who lived there ganged facing the plans of redevelopment that had been offered by the organizers of the city. By and by, the network was fearful of the way that the new blended pay lodging undertaking would constrain out the long-term occupants of Cabrini-Green. Be that as it may, a few people chose to remain in their units vowing never to abandon, rather than moving to what to what they saw as similar states of living additionally expelled from the focal point of the city. Though their plans were effective in postponing of the destruction of various structures, the obstruction didn't last more. At pres ent, the region whereby the celebrated Cabrini-Green remained at one time has been changed and what is at present there is a blended salary neighborhood, which is just a couple of moments from one of the most created or well-off territories of Chicago known as the Gold Coast (Brian and Beauty 20). Greater part of the previous inhabitants have eventually been supplanted. Altogether, they comprise of around twenty thousand lofts, about portion of the subsidized lodging units that are under the administration of Chicago Housing Authority. The dull pads are vigorously gathered in the weakened regions just past the thriving focal business region, and stand up to a few workers that are Loop-bound regular. Their messed up lifts, trash, wrongdoing, flights of stairs that are pee recolored and wrongdoing simply show the quite a long while of abandonment and disregard, and ridicule the fantasies that built up them. As at first considered by the reformers, we locate that open lodging program s hould be a spot whereby the individuals of low-salary class lived until they were in a place of managing something better. The thought was foundation of not too bad and incorporated homes; yet rather, Chicago’s open lodging is described by shared sadness, poor states of living, destitution, isolation and criminal acts (Brian and Beauty 24). This is a lot of basic in the tasks of tall structures. They were at one time imagined as perfect for the lodging of

Africa During Colonialism

Africa obviously, would be colonized by the numerous Europeans. Be that as it may, a great deal of African gatherings/colonization would begin as well. They would begin and more established ones would be extended. The slave exchange had diminished because of British weights thus Africa began exchanging a greater amount of different things with the remainder of the world. This equivalent thing was going on in Asia and the Middle East as well. In South Africa, the Zulu realm would be framed, and in Western Africa, an Islamic caliphate, Sotto Caliphate would be shaped. A considerable lot of these human advancements were being shaped by a lot of African people groups around the continent.At first, In Southern Africa, there were the Unsung individuals, Just ranchers and steers herders that existed for an exceptionally prolonged stretch of time. Before long, in any case, a dry season would strike, harming their horticulture. This caused the finish of the Unsung individuals. A military virt uoso and pioneer, Shake Zulu would take control and make another development, the Zulu individuals, who, contrasted with every single other clan In Southern Africa, was the most impressive and considerable, in light of its severe military bores and practice and they even utilized bull shroud shields. The Zulu warriors extended their realm, by assaulting numerous different clans andInvading them, taking their steers, kids and ladies. Portions of the Zulu, they split off creation their own military groups and they also did likewise as the Zulu. Before long, this made such huge numbers of new realms going up right to Lake Victoria. As this expanded, so did the quantity of evacuees and scared, discouraged individuals from these To stop the Zulu clan's development and force, two realms shaped, Swaziland toward the north and Lesotho toward the east, which was comprised of numerous displaced people who went to those mountains there. Both Lesotho and Swaziland exist today.Shake effectively made a national character and a country in only 10 years of rule. He took all the youngsters in the country and split them into deferent gatherings, called regiments, in light old enough. These individuals of the regiment lived with one another and they all observed Shake. And so forth. They praised his standard and they were all intensely restrained. Bovine crowds were a proportion of riches in this realm. Then, in the Western Savannah of Africa, there was a major strict battle. Islam was pervasive over yonder. In any case, that was uniquely In the urban communities and exchange zones, ND not in the country areas.The provincial regions despite everything followed customary traditions. From the start, Islam permitted individuals to blend their more seasoned convictions in with Islam. Presently be that as it may, Psalmists began precluding this thought from claiming permitting them to have their traditions and needed them to follow unadulterated Islam. They made a â€Å"holy warâ₠¬ , called Jihad, which made Assaults take over numerous rustic and other new grounds where they upheld Islamic laws and spread the religion. These Islamic counters previously occurred in the Hausa states to northern Nigeria. A pioneer in the Hausa states, Susann Dan Food, called a great deal of the rulers there, unbelievers of religion or Islam and drove individuals from god.He drove a Jihad on the King of Gobi, toppling him. A great deal o f Muslims Joined to accumulate to spread Islam and spread it all around Hausa. This Islam would meet up to make a caliph under the capital city of Sotto, called the Sotto Caliphate. The Sotto Caliphate turned into an inside for showing Islam and change. It included numerous new focuses, rapidly, to show Curtain and Islamic subjects to young men. Numerous individuals were pulled in to it on account of the Sotto library, which was really enormous. Muslims ere permitted individuals to follow their own religion however needed to pay an extraordinar y tax.They were not permitted to do their innate moves and ceremonies and any who contradicted the spread of the Jihad were slaughtered, slaved or changed over. The Sotto caliphate sent off huge amounts of slaves for the Trans-Atlantic slave exchange, for the most part ladies and youngsters. Slaves fundamentally cultivated, thus this permitted ladies to really leave the home this time. Sotto sent a great deal of slaves, however it likewise had a ton of slaves in itself as well. Actually, it had a bigger number of slaves than some other American regularly. Napoleon would come and battle in Egypt. This would toward the end in Egypt as an incredible triumph for the Europeans and an extraordinary misfortune for the Egyptians.After Napoleon left Egypt from his misfortunes, Muhammad All took rule. Muhammad All took rule of Egypt. He modernized and industrialized Egypt, causing it to follow a great deal of the Western styles. He expanded exchange of Egypt. He carried a great deal of traini ng to Egyptians, and permitting them to supplant the old privileged. He supplanted all the European specialists and merchants of items with Egyptians. In any case, one awful thing was, that he made a weight on the workers to give military and work administration. The military and Egypt was making its own materials, paper, weapons, military uniforms.Seeing this western development, numerous gatherings in Egypt, of Islam blended in with this Western Culture. For instance, European specialized manuals were meant Arabic. Little was the grandson of Muhammad All. He was more enthused about westernizes than All. Be that as it may, his endeavors, at long last, would Just make a lot of Egyptian obligation to French and British banks. From the start, in his initial 10 years of rule, it was all acceptable with a great deal of riches on account of expanded exchange, more fares, new water system chronicles, railways 800 miles, postal assistance and Cairo.However, after the American Civil War, se nds out went down again and obligation would be one reason for French and British fractional control of Egypt. Ethiopia was Christian for 1 500 years. They also were attempting to modernize themselves. Ethiopians Emperor, Terrors II of Ethiopia was the person who originally began Westernizes and requested a great deal of weapon buys from Europe and furthermore supported some neighborhood maturating. Once, they even made gun that could fire a half ton shell with the assistance of Protestant missionaries.However, they attempted to get some more weapons by holding British authorities prisoner and requesting for weapons, however the British would wind up really attacking Ethiopia. Dread would end it all to forestall catch. At that point the British would pull back, and afterward King Haynes would take the position of authority. Lord Haynes assumed control over a great deal of the lost place where there is Ethiopia, with the exception of one significant land part, Shoo Kingdom, administe red by King Moonlike. The starting occasions of Rupee's scramble for Africa were when France took over Algeria. Algeria initially was a significant provider of olive oil and grain to France.They even gave them grain to Napoleon to assume control over Egypt. Presently, France despite everything owed them for this and a few debates occurred. The new French government needed to show patriotism with a simple abroad triumph. Be that as it may, the battle for Algeria would continue for a long time, much after French government would be ousted once more. Awful al-Qatar was an Algerian sacred man who drove them against France however he would bite the dust, debilitating and almost finishing their multi year battle. Be that as it may, struggle in the mountains would occur for a long time. Pioneers would then come in and execute off 140,000 individuals.

What the In-Crowd Wont Tell You About Topics for Analysis Essay

What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Topics for Analysis Essay If you like you may look online and find one that you like. You can easily discover a good deal of topics on the world wide web at no cost. Despite the fact that it's unmistakably a complicated topic to write on, it does not follow that you can't gain from some of our basic research paper writing tips online. Consider offering some practical suggestions on how best to take notes or the way to participate in the material. The article by Sarah Kliff was written with the goal of showing how folks spend an excessive amount of time online. The very best thing about us is that each time you can buy original essay papers for sale. If you are searching for top essay writing companies, try out the mentioned above. There are several essay writing services that think they're the very best, and therefore don't be cheated and check the legitimate list of the very best. There are several kinds of essays, it is not difficult to drop an eye on all your writing assignments. Citations and extracts from several sources have to be formatted properly. Finding the rhetorical analysis essay topics list isn't a huge deal online. Rhetorical essay writing may be the true rocket science if not utilizing the expert support. To begin with, make certain you're conscious of what the rhetorical analysis essay is. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. The rhetorical analysis essay topics are easily available on the internet. Our talented writers can deal with just about any sort of writing assignment, along with Math and Physics difficulties and a lot more. Compare the literary devices utilized by Shakespeare and the contemporary authors. The Pain of Topics for Analysis Essay Custom made writers have a fantastic practice and experience too. Advertising and the media are now nearly inseparable from society for a whole. The cost of an essay is dependent upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. It is essential that your writing is acceptable for the degree of reader your process is targeted at. If you supply the writer with thorough instructions, you won't will need to talk about anything with them. The language means you use when seeking to convince that you're right. Actually, you can count on us if you require an essay, or some other sort of academic paper whenever you're feeling the load of having too much work. Keep the reader in mind There are various approaches to deal with distinctive folks. Some students utilize the very first idea that arrives in their head and work on it, but the outcome isn't profitable. Politics, bureaucracy and company fatal triangle. Who Else Wants to Learn About Topics for Analysis Essay? There are specific proven and totally written essays that you can buy by paying the given amount. If you don't understand how to begin your essay or where to search for supporting data, we'll be pleased to help you. To maximize your chances of producing a great doctoral dissertation proposal you should comprehend the fundamental concepts of a dissertation paper. 30 rhetorical analysis essay topics list will arrive at the rescue if do not have any time for brainstorming topics all on your own. Once the writer is appointed, they begin working on your essay in line with the requirements you have specified in your purchase. Whatever you require in order to receive a personalized dissertation are available here. It is likely to make your essay really intriguing. This sort of essay has the goal of describing a definite process by means of a set of steps or stags.

Interactive Science Websites for the Classroom

The War Of The Cold War - 1244 Words

Boos echoed throughout the streets of Harlem, New York in great waves of disapproval. Hippies holding up signs supporting peace, and posters opposing the Vietnam War, otherwise known as the Cold War, greeted the tired and injured soldiers. The familiarity of their hometown created a sense of peace and warmth, despite the angry cries of protest from the enraged nonconformists. As loved ones embraced their fighters, chants of outrage broke out from the hippies, and the soldiers, relieved to be home, wondered why they were being jeered at. In their eyes, they were fighting for what was right, just like the hippies and everybody else in the world. Many of the soldiers thought back to the times when they fought for their lives and surrendered themselves to the harsh world of mother nature, a profuse amount of them wondering, â€Å"Was this all worth it?† The Cold War. A war that killed more than three million people and injured numerous others between November 1, 1955, and April 30 , 1975. It was a time where blood and gore surrounded the lives of countless innocent people and plagued jungles with the shouts of men in uniform, firing AK-47’s aimlessly. One of those men shooting a rifle at the targeted enemy was Colonel James Leroy Riverstead, one of the sole colonels still standing in the U.S Army and a soldier fighting to return safely to his family. â€Å"Alright men! Move out!† commanded Colonel James L. Riverstead. â€Å"Sir, yes sir!† Stepping over logs and ducking under low hangingShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The Cold War1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War was a state of political and military tension stemming from World War II fought primarily between the United States and the Soviet Union. Although the start and end dates of the Cold War are frequently disputed over, it is generally accepted that the conflict started at the conclusion of the Second World War and stemmed from the social climate and lingering tensions in Europe an d the increasing power struggles between the Soviet Union and the United States. Along with economic separationRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesOne major war ended and another to begin. The Cold war lasted about 45 years. There were no direct military campaigns between the United States and Soviet Union. However, billions of dollars and millions of lives were lost. The United States emerged as the greatest power from World War 2. (Give Me Liberty 896) The country boasted about having the most powerful navy and air force. The United states accounted for about half of the world’s manufacturing capacity, which it alone created the atomic bombRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War886 Words   |  4 Pagesin an infamous battle against ideologies: The Cold War. Even though war took place during this time, both powers were not involved in battle directly, hence the name cold war. The war mainly consisted of assumed and implied threats of nuclear attacks an d political control over states in Europe. Even before 1945, the beginning of the Cold War, tension brewed between the U.S and the U.S.S.R. Both sides had differing views on Europe s state after the war. For instance, programs like the Marshall PlanRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War757 Words   |  4 PagesAs tensions continued to augment profoundly throughout the latter half of the Cold War period, they brought forth a movement from a previous bipolar conflicting course, to one of a more multipolar nature. These tensions were now not only restricted to the Soviet Union and United states, but amongst multiple other nations of the globe. It became a general consensus that a notion of ‘peace’ was sought globally, hence, the emergence of dà ©tente. The nature of this idea in the short term conveyed itselfRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War961 Words   |  4 Pages1945, beginning year of the Cold War. The development of cold war just started after the end of world War ||. Th e cold war was the result of conflict between two powerful country Soviet Union and United State. The war was regarding to the lead the world after the World War ||. The Soviet Union wanted to emerge its power to the world and so do the United States too. The research paper mainly focused on various reasons of opposition of two great power of the world Soviets and United States of AmericaRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1737 Words   |  7 Pages Cold War The Cold War, which is often dated from 1945 to 1989, was a constant state of political and military tension between powers in the West, dominated by the United States with NATO among its allies, and powers in the East, dominated by the Soviet Union along with the Warsaw Pact. The development of Nuclear Weapons and long range shooting missiles by the United States gave a lot of fear and caused mass destruction. The Cold War came about after World War II when America used their atomic bombsRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1123 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War consist of tensions between the Soviets and the U.S. vying for dominance, and expansion throughout the world. Their complete different ideologies and vision of the postwar prevented them from working together. Stalin wants to punish Germany and make them pay outrageous sum of money for reparation. However, Truman has a different plan than Stalin. Truman believes that industrialization and democracy in Germany and throughout th e world would ensure postwar stability. Stalin also wantedRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War942 Words   |  4 PagesFeelings Do Matter At the close of World War Two in 1945, the United States entered another kind of war, the Cold War, which did not involve two adversaries in open battle fields using bullets against the Soviet Union. Throughout the Cold War, incidents fueled feelings of anxiety, mistrust and pride. Often pride is defined as â€Å"a feeling that you are more important or better than other people† (Pride). Mistrust on the other hand is the â€Å"feeling that someone is not honest and cannot be trusted†,Read MoreThe War Of The Cold War1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe U.S. learned greatly after having been declared the victor of the Cold War. Retired four-star U.S. Army general Colin Powell said, â€Å"The long bitter years of the Cold War are over. America and her allies have won; totally, decisively, and overwhelmingly† (Reed 343). The Cold War started after World War II in 1947 and ended in 1991. The U.S. underwent a political war with the Soviet Union in hopes of advancing more rapidly in certain fields, such as nuclear weapons and space crafts. Avoiding nuclearRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War Essay1075 Words   |  5 PagesDuring World War II, the United States, Britain, and Russia all worked together to take down Hitler. Although after the war, the coordi nation between the U.S. and Russia became extremely tense which inevitably lead to the Cold War. The U.S. was worried that Russia would spread communism after World War II. Russia was concerned with the U.S. arms increase and intervention in international affairs. The distrust between the two nations resulted in the Cold war which lasted until 1991. In 1946, Winston

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Answer: Introduction: Patients in critical conditions are at higher risk of malnutrition, occurring in almost 40% of all patient cases. The patient's body, in response to stress, suffers metabolic changes that are the cause of the increase in protein catabolism. The ultimate outcome for such patients is a significant loss of body mass and subsequent higher risks of health complications. Such complications might be an infectious disease of increase in wound dehiscence. In either case, the outcomes are unfavourable. The strategy under such condition is to provide nutritional support for achieving optimal body functioning. Prevention of malnutrition and the related complications is the chief aim. The aim is to provide appropriate doses of micro and macro nutrients for meeting the body needs, avoid complications and reduce nitrogen deficits (McClave et al. 2016). Enteral nutrition is defined as the provision of a supply of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract of the patient under conditions when the p atient is not able to ingest, chew or swallow food but is able to digest and absorb the same. Early enteral nutrition is the process of enteral nutrition commenced within 24-48 hours after admission of the patient to the critical care unit (Yu et al. 2014). The advantages presented by early nutritional support are continually being reported in a vast pool of literature. According to Boelens et a. (2014), intensive care unit patients presented with malnutrition during their hospital stay as well as those who are not supposed to be on the full oral diet within three days are to receive specialised enteral nutritional support. Malnutrition has been linked with morbidity, mortality and increased hospital stay length. Evidence points out that patients admitted to the critical care unit and having the gut in the functional state must be given nutrition through the enteral route. The rationale is that administration of nutrition through other routes of feeding is associated with increased chances of compilations due to infections. In case of early enteral nutritional support, the feeding is to commence on the very first day after admission to the care unit for facilitation of diet tolerance and reduction of risk of intestinal barrier dysfuncti on. The desirable outcomes are mechanical ventilation and reduced hospital stay length (Sun et al. 2013). As per the authors, favourable impacts of early enteral nutrition include prevention of mucosal atrophy, better substrate utilization, preservation of immunocompetence and preservation of the integrity of gut flora. Early enteral feeding has also been linked to the amelioration of oxidative stress after a patient has undergone surgery. The decrease in postoperative mortality in patients is also a benefit of such nutritional support. In modern times, healthcare professionals are focusing on feeding patients as soon as possible through such measures in order to sustain stable patient conditions. As highlighted by Blaser et al. (2017) early enteral nutrition is imperative is a crucial element of the management plan for patients who are in critical condition. Nutrition is important as it supplies antioxidants, vital cell substrates, minerals and vitamins that optimize recovery from heath complications in a speedy process. Specialized immune-enhancing nutritional formulations are into use at the present time that has been reported to decrease inflammation, and augment cell-mediated immunity. Early enteral nutrition is elementary for a decrease of organ failure, and in comparison to delayed enteral nutrition early enteral nutrition improves wound healing, nitrogen balance and immunity. Augmenting the cellular antioxidant systems is the mechanism of increasing the hypermetabolic response to tissue injury and preserving the intestinal mucosal integrity. The decrease in bacterial translocation and increase in mucosal permeability are the other possible mechanisms (Yang et al. 2014) . Shankar et al. (2015) reported that early enteral feeding protects the liver injury if there is endotoxemia or haemorrhage, and kidney damage if there is rhabdomyolysis. They further demonstrated that immediate enteral nutrition improves protein synthesis. In the present patient case study, 55-year-old Helen had been shifter from thee emergency department to the intensive care unit after suffering a high-speed motor vehicle injury at 22:30. The patient had suffered several high rib fractures and major lung contusion/ haemothorax. In addition, she had a fractured left humerus, left femur and a collapsed pelvis. While in the ICU, she was commenced on maintenance fluid and saline. Vital signs were observed for the next two days whose reports indicated that the patient was haemodynamically stable. Enteral nutrition was after that commenced for the patient. In this case, the patient was not given early enteral feeding since the definition for the same indicates that the feeding is to be given one the very first day of admission to the clinical setting. The observed feeding pattern was late enteral feeding as it was commenced after 48 hours of patient admission to the unit. Bakiner et al. (2013) have pointed out that late enteral feeding in case of patients who have suffered tissue and organ injury are linked to intestinal inflammation and other adverse outcomes. Under certain conditions, clinicians have the decision making process pertaining to enteral feeding in favour of late enteral nutrition. Delay in advancing enteral nutrition has been criticised widely. Compelling evidence indicates that there are certain drawbacks associated with such practices. Studies have shown that prolonged period of lack of adequate nutritional support delays mucosal atrophy, mucosal nutrition, and causes dysregulation of secretion of trophic hormones. Late enteral nutrition in case of patients suffering trauma augments the chances of mortality. Further, lack of early enteral feeding might lead to sepsis and increased chances of a systematic inflammatory response. Enteral nutrition is to be started soon after the injury to achieve haemodynamic stability and ensure that re suscitation is complete (Jeejeebhoy 2016). Post surgery, for fixing the pelvis and pinning the femur, the condition of the patient deteriorated considerably. The patient suffered circulatory and ventilation problems, demanding more detailed monitoring. She required blood products due to coagulation disorders, as well as inotrope support for peripheral oedema. While the albumin was 26 g/L, the blood glucose was 8.5 mmol/L. The normal range of albumin in adults is 35-55 g/L, while that of blood glucose is 3.95.5 mmol/L (Pocock, Richards and Richards 2013). The laboratory results indicated higher levels of creatinine and urea at 120 umol/L and 12 mmol/L respectively. The reference range for the same is 50-110 umol/L and 1.5-7 mmol/L respectively (Shier, Butler and Lewis 2015). The results indicated kidney damage and increased protein catabolism due to stress and major illness. Normal levels of Haemoglobin in adult females is 120-156 g/L while in the present case it was found to be low at 98 g/L. Further, the patient reported lac tic acidosis since the value of lactate was 2.6 mmol/L. The common causes of lactic acidosis are ischemia, respiratory failure, renal dysfunction and sepsis. On the sixth day, and after a percutaneous tracheometry, there was a rise in the patients body temperature with an increased count of WBC. This suggested that the patient had incurred an infection for which antibiotics had to be administered. An early enteral nutrition would have increased the immunity level of the patient and would have prevented infection through bacterial translocation. Laboratory reports indicated renal and liver function impairment. Further, a loose stool indicated complications in the digestive tract. On the tenth day, the patient suffered a circulatory collapse after complaining of nausea, vomiting and abdominal discomfort. Upon discharge, she was found to have lost body fat and reported of weakness. As opined by White, Guenter and Jensen (2017) late enteral nutrition often is unable to cope with the immediate nutritional requirements of a patient in case of severe trauma and injury. For preventing secondary infection, it is pivotal to deliver nutritional supp ort the moment possible. An early enteral nutrition would have better supported the patient in achieving optimal health outcomes. References Bakiner, O., Bozkirli, E., Giray, S., Arlier, Z., Kozanoglu, I., Sezgin, N., Sariturk, C. and Ertorer, E., 2013. Impact of early versus late enteral nutrition on cell mediated immunity and its relationship with glucagon like peptide-1 in intensive care unit patients: a prospective study.Critical Care,17(3), p.R123. Blaser, A.R., Starkopf, J., Alhazzani, W., Berger, M.M., Casaer, M.P., Deane, A.M., Fruhwald, S., Hiesmayr, M., Ichai, C., Jakob, S.M. and Loudet, C.I., 2017. Early enteral nutrition in critically ill patients: ESICM clinical practice guidelines.Intensive Care Medicine,43(3), pp.380-398. Boelens, P.G., Heesakkers, F.F., Luyer, M.D., van Barneveld, K.W., de Hingh, I.H., Nieuwenhuijzen, G.A., Roos, A.N. and Rutten, H.J., 2014. Reduction of postoperative ileus by early enteral nutrition in patients undergoing major rectal surgery: prospective, randomized, controlled trial.Annals of surgery,259(4), pp.649-655. Jeejeebhoy, K.N., 2016. Nutrition Needs Should Be Modified to Consider Nutrition Status and Acuity of Illness Lessons From the INTACT Trial.Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition,40(1), pp.10-11. McClave, S.A., Taylor, B.E., Martindale, R.G., Warren, M.M., Johnson, D.R., Braunschweig, C., McCarthy, M.S., Davanos, E., Rice, T.W., Cresci, G.A. and Gervasio, J.M., 2016. Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN).Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition,40(2), pp.159-211. Pocock, G., Richards, C.D. and Richards, D., 2013.Human physiology. Oxford university press. Shankar, B., Daphnee, D.K., Ramakrishnan, N. and Venkataraman, R., 2015. Feasibility, safety, and outcome of very early enteral nutrition in critically ill patients: Results of an observational study.Journal of critical care,30(3), pp.473-475. Shier, D., Butler, J. and Lewis, R., 2015.Hole's essentials of human anatomy physiology. McGraw-Hill Education. Sun, J.K., Mu, X.W., Li, W.Q., Tong, Z.H., Li, J. and Zheng, S.Y., 2013. Effects of early enteral nutrition on immune function of severe acute pancreatitis patients.World journal of gastroenterology: WJG,19(6), p.917. White, J., Guenter, P. and Jensen, G., 2017. Consensus statement: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition: characteristics recommended for the identification and documentation of adult malnutrition (undernutrition)(vol 36, pg 275, 2012).Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition,41(3), pp.520-520. Yang, S., Wu, X., Yu, W. and Li, J., 2014. Early enteral nutrition in critically ill patients with hemodynamic instability: an evidence-based review and practical advice.Nutrition in Clinical Practice,29(1), pp.90-96. Yu, J.H., Cha, W., Wang, H.J., Liu, X.L., Chen, X.F., Yin, Q.H., Ye, G.S., Wang, J., Fang, Y. and Fu, S.N., 2014. The Effect of Tpf Enteral Nutrition on Nutritional Status and Prognosis in Elderly Stroke Patients.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,62, pp.S360-S361.

Smart Textile Essay Example

Smart Textile Essay Smart textiles is the modification of fibers, fabrics and special articals which is produceing day by day in different way and different techniques. Many intelligent textiles already feature in advanced types of clothing, principally for protection and safety and for added fashion or convenience. Smart materials or textiles can be defined as the materials and structures which have sense or can sense the environmental conditions or stimuli, whereas intelligent textiles can be defined as textile structures which not only can sense but can also react and respond to environmental conditions or stimuli. These stimuli as well as response, could be thermal, chemical, mechanical, electric, magnetic or from other source. Classification of Smart Textiles: According to functional activity smart textiles can be classified in three categories: ? Passive Smart Textiles: The first generations of smart textiles, which can only sense the environmental conditions or stimulus, are called Passive Smart Textiles. ? Active Smart Textiles: The second generation has both actuators and sensors. The actuators act upon the detected signal either directly or from a central control unit. Active Smart textiles are shape memory, chameleonic, water-resistant and vapour permeable (hydrophilic/non porous), heat storage, thermo regulated, vapour absorbing, heat evolving fabric and electrically heated suits. ? Ultra Smart Textiles: Very smart textiles are the third generation of smart textiles, which can sense, react and adopt themselves to environmental conditions or stimuli. A very smart or intelligent textile essentially consists of a unit, which works like the brain, with cognition, reasoning and activating capacities. We will write a custom essay sample on Smart Textile specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Smart Textile specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Smart Textile specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The production of very smart textiles is now a reality after a successful marriage of traditional textiles and clothing technology with other branches of science like material science, structural mechanics, sensor and actuator technology, advance processing technology, communication, artificial intelligence, biology etc. Smart textile in Medicine: Due to astounding technological developments, technical textiles are extensively used in the healthcare industry today. In the field of medical application, technical textiles are not just used in contact with the skin, but also fulfill important functions within the body (intra-corporal applications like implants). Technical textiles offer medical and hygiene industry with unparalleled protection, comfortable. These highly specialized and bio- compatible technical textiles, used for medical and hygiene applications are called â€Å"MEDTECH. † The characteristics required of MEDTECH vary depending on the task for which they are to be used. Some applications demand a protective function, others a high absorptive capacity and some other others impermeability. characteristic of these textiles Depending on the nature of application; most of the medical products are disposable in nature and are made of nonwoven fabrics. In global markets disposables are fast replacing non-disposable health care textiles. Some areas of usage are: * Healthcare/ hygiene products- Include bedding, clothing, surgical clothes, products for feminine hygiene like sanitary napkins, baby and adult diapers etc. Non-implantable materials- For wound care that includes absorbent pad (wound contact layer, base material viscose, plastic film) and bandages (simple inelastic/elastic, orthopedic, plasters, gauzes, lint, padding) * Textiles in Extracorporeal devices- Like artificial kidney, liver and lungs. * Implantable materials- Like sutures (biodegradable and non-biodegradable), soft tissue implants, artificial tendon (meshes), artificial ligament, artific ial cartilage, orthopedic implants artificial joint, cardiovascular implants vascular grafts, heart valves. Agro Textiles: Agriculture has been amongst the most primal occupations of the humankind and is still a major industry, globally. In this era of modernization and high technological advancements, it has spread its horizons and started using man-made, non-conventional textiles, called â€Å"technical textiles†. Tapping the potential of technical textiles and putting their vital properties to an advantage; agriculture, horticulture, forestry and fishing segments (all the four sectors combined together are popularly called as â€Å"Agrotech† sector) are increasingly using them for equipment development and other applications. This textile sector comprises of all textiles that are used in growing, harvesting, protection and storage of either crops or animals. It includes diverse items such as fishing nets and fish-lines, ropes, shade fabrics, mulch mats, woven and non-woven covers for crops, bird protection nests, etc. These textiles are driving the sector profitably by improving the productivity and reducing the need for chemicals. Some of the purposes for which these textiles are being increasingly used are as follows: * Preventing erosion and paving way for a forestation. In greenhouse cover and fishing nets. * For Layer separation in fields. * In Nets for plants, rootless plants amp; protecting grassy areas. * As sun screens (since they have adjustable screening) and wind shields. * As packing material and in bags for storing grass (that has been mowed). * Controlling stretch in knitted nets. | Home Textiles: Seen as a mightily expanding and changing sector in the global textile industry, the presence of technical textiles is not merely confined to industrial applications and is becoming a ubiquitous phenomenon in our day to day activities as well. The new promise of technical textiles is generation of products (by combining the latest developments in advanced flexible materials with advances in process technologies) that eventually have a direct impact upon all sorts of consumer textile markets, including both clothing and furnishings. These are called â€Å"HOMETECH†. One of the largest technical textile markets, this sector comprises household textiles, furnishings (used in contract applications) and upholstered furniture industry (including fiberfill and wadding applications in bedding, cushions, sleeping bags and furniture backings). Some of the highly useful applications of HOMETECH include: * Woven amp; knit wipes (cleaning wipes for domestic applications) * Nonwoven wipes (floor mops) * Ticking’s (for filled products like pillows, duvets, cushions) * Mattress components (Flanging and quilt backing, spring wrap) * Spring insulators Flat fabrics ( used to cover springs in beds or upholstery) * Platform cloth (fabrics used as a base for cushions on upholstered furniture) * Dust cloths Fabrics attached to base of furniture Skirt linings and other fabrics for use in upholstered furniture, bedding etc * Carpet backings (used as primary as well as secondary backing for tufted carpets) Construction Textiles: Civil engineering and building industry are an integral part of the development of human society as they involve the planning, design, building, operation and maintenance of infrastructure. The venturing of technical textiles or high-performance textiles in this sector has given a great impetus to the quali ty of construction. These textiles are used in the construction of buildings, dams, bridges, tunnels and roads and collectively comprise the â€Å"Buildtech† sector. They offer mechanical properties such as lightness, strength and resilience as well as resistance to many factors such as creep, degradation by chemicals and pollutants in the air or rain and other construction material as well as the effects of sunlight and acid. These textiles play an important role in the modernization of infrastructure. Some of the major products covered under this sector are used in; * Hoardings and Signage’s. * Scaffolding Nets. * Awnings and canopies. * Tarpaulins. Architectural membranes. Transport Textiles Among other sectors, the automotive industry is one of the largest single markets for technical textiles and one of the most diverse as well. This market comprises of automobiles, trains, marine vehicles and planes. Technical textiles that are used in this automotive or transport sector are called à ¢â‚¬Å"MOBILTECH. † The latest developments in aircraft, ship building as well as motor vehicle and train manufacture, all can be largely attributed to MOBILTECH, a non apparel textile. Mobiltech today covers not only isolation and safety aspect but also focuses on comfort and style. The customers look for aesthetically pleasing interiors, great comfort and fuel economy. Textile components in automobiles consist of either visible component like upholstery, carpets, seat belts, headliners etc. or concealed components like tire cords, hoses, belts, airbags etc. Military: One of the main reasons for the rapid development of Smart textiles is the important investment make by the military industry. This is because they are used in different projects such as extreme winter condition jackets or uniforms that change colour so as to improve camouflage effects. Nowadays, the military industry has become aware of the advantage of sharing knowledge with the various industrial sectors, because with joint collaboration far better results can be obtained through team-work. Georgia Tech was the pioneering institute for the development of SFIT that integrates electronics. During a project funded by the US Naval Department in 1996, they have developed a Wearable Motherboard (GTWM commercial name is Smart shirt) [38-39], which was manufactured for use in combat conditions. The garment uses optical fibres to detect bullet wounds and special sensors that interconnect in order to monitor vital signs during ombat conditions. Eco Textiles: Environmental threats loom large on almost every nation in the world today. With this threat gaining its stature day by day, Eco Textiles gain utmost importance as one of the most useful resources that help promote new innovations, in an eco-friendly manner. OEKTECH is the term used for technical textiles that are used for environmental protection. It stands for new ideas and interesting concepts in the area of environmental protection, waste disposal (including innovative filtration media) and new recycling technologies. It is opening up new avenues for environmental engineers, safety engineers and personnel in environmental protection agencies. These eco- friendly textiles provide a range of environmentally responsible alternatives to other resource hungry materials. They tap into both post-consumer and post-industrial waste streams amp; scrap and reuse them for manufacturing an extremely durable and eco-friendly textile. They not only lead to reduction of waste but also more importantly, save the rapidly depleting natural resources. Some of the features of these textiles are: * They utilize ecologically grown fibers. They are processed with less damaging inputs. * The processing units are equipped with good sewage treatment. * The fabrics are of good quality and long lasting. Geotextiles: Geotextiles are smart textiles that consist of a stable network that retains its relative structure during handling, placement and long-term service. A Geotextile can be defined as â€Å"permeable geosynthetic co mprised solely of textiles. † Geotextiles are special fabrics made for use in geological situations. They are rot-proof and permeable to water. They can be heavy duty or light duty, black, white or colored. Available in woven and non-woven forms, they apply to a broad range of civil engineering construction, paving, drainage and other applications. Geotextiles are extensively used with soil, rock, earth or any other geotechnical engineering-related material, as an integral part of human-made project, structure or system. These engineered Geotextiles perform three basic functions: separation, stabilization and filtration. Many application areas: * Roadways, parking lots, loading areas and construction sites * Prevent drainage systems from clogging with fine particles * Filtration, Protection and separation function * Fluid transmission For waterway erosion control * Reduce soil piping and embankment erosion * Prevention of weed growth (in horticulture applications) * Moisture conservation (in horticulture applications) Packaging Textiles: Packaging textiles include all textiles packing material for industrial, agricultural and other goods. The demand for packing material is directly prop ortional to economic growth, industrial production and trade as goods are produced and then distributed both locally and internationally. The growing (environmental) need for reusable packages and containers is opening new opportunities for textile products in this market. Sacks and bags made of traditional jute, cotton or natural fiber are gradually casting way for modern synthetic fibers. These technical textiles, used in packaging and subsequent transportation are called â€Å"PACKTECH. † It is well known that these fabrics are ideal for many kinds of packaging. At one end, PACKTECH includes heavyweight, dense woven fabrics (used for bags, sacks, flexible intermediate bulk carriers and wrappings for textile bales and carpets) and on the other end, it includes lightweight non woven’s used as durable papers, tea bags and other food and industrial product wrappings. The use of textile materials in consumer packaging is exhibited in the following products: * FIBC big bags (Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers),for powdered and granular materials * Laundry bags and other bulk packaging products * Sacks for storage etc * Twine and string for tying packages, etc (excludes agricultural applications) * Non-paper tea bags and coffee filters * Food soaker pads * Net packaging for storing, packing, transporting, retailing foodstuffs, toys, * Woven fiber strapping, lightweight mailbags. * Soft luggage Sport tech: Today’s sports demand high performance equipment and apparel. The light weight and safety features of Sport tech have become important in their substitution for other materials. These high-functional and smart textiles are increasingly adding value to the sports and leisure industry by combining utilitarian functions with wearing comfort that leads to achieving high level of performance. A few areas where these textiles are being increasingly used are- Material technology and design, of equipment, Biomechanics and the engineering aspects of sports machinery, Surface treatment of equipment, Sportswear, Sports footwear, Artificial turfs, sleeping bags, ballooning and parachute fabrics. Solar sale Applicable textile: The main application of solar cells in textile is the electric alimentation of integrated electronic devices, e-textile. The alimentation could be made directly from the solar cell to the devices but the majority of encountered solutions are using of solar for charging batteries that could deliver energy to the appropriate device. Example: recharging mobile phone, Mp3 player etc. . Uses of solar cells on textile substrate Modern Computing: In our society communication tools, interactivity and portable devices are one of the largest sources of innovation and represent a tremendous market. The integration of portable electronics devices in textiles appeared as a natural market. The first innovation was a keyboard made in a single layer of fabric using capacitive sensing, where an array of embroidered or silk-screened electrodes make up the points of contact. A fingers contact with an electrode can be sensed by measuring the increase in the electrodes total capacitance. It is worth noting that this can be done with a single bidirectional digital I/O pin per electrode, and a leakage resistor sewn in highly resistive yarn. Capacitive sensing arrays can also be used to tell how well a piece of clothing fits the wearer, because the signal varies with pressure. Several versions of capacitive or flexible keyboards in textile materials Conductive materials: There are two strategies to create electrical or thermal conductive fabrics and two types of materials, the metals and the polymers. The same materials could be used for the both conductivity (thermal and electric), because the two processes are similar and results of an electronic agitation/conduction. The first strategy uses high wicking finishes (ink) with a high metallic content that still retains the comfort required for clothing. With the addition of nickel, copper, silver or carbon coatings of varying thickness, these finishes provide a versatile combination of physical and electrical properties for a variety of demanding applications. Examples of conductive inks used in textiles The second strategy consists in the direct use of conductive yarns. The yarn could constitute metal such as silver, copper, etc. or conductive polymer such as polythiophene, polyaniline, and their derivatives although there are many different trademarks commercialising these materials, they all have the same main properties. Examples of conductive yarn used in textiles Conclusions A few years ago, smart textiles were presented as imaginary products and as a non competitive market. After scientific efforts and development phases, nowadays SFIT are an implanted customer interest and are presented as the future of the textile industry. A lot of commercial products are available and, as it was presented during this document; a lot of scientist is developing new solutions, ideas and concrete products. Some approximations announce a market of 1 billion dollars by 2010 which certainly explains the current passion for these news topics.

Free Essays on Crossroads Of Freedom

but, through the letters of soldiers who wrote home. They would tell of how they were sick and tired of ways of commanding. McPherson also showed a bias in the favor of the Confederacy not really by what he said but, by what he did not say. He rarely spoke on the weaknesses or even the strengths in... Free Essays on Crossroads Of Freedom Free Essays on Crossroads Of Freedom Crossroads of Freedom Our generation today has marked September 11, 2001 as the largest disaster of our country but, it is overshadowed greatly by September 17, 1862, â€Å"the bloodiest single day in American history†. The numbers of the Union and Confederate soldiers killed and fatally wounded was from 6,300 to 6,500, this was twice the amount of people that perished in the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon and four times the number of casualties of D-day on the beaches of Normandy. The Union forces were lead mainly by General George B. McClellan and the Confederate army was lead by General Robert E. Lee after he had replaced General Joseph Johnston. The upper hand in the war shifted from side to side as each pushed to win each battle and every territory the opposition controlled. European powers observed the action taking place in America and wanted to step in and help bring upon a truce between the sides. The majority of the Europeans supported the Confederates and was wai ting for them to pick up steam and start dominating in order to gain the European backing. Lincoln felt as if he was forced by the pressure of the Confederate forces to enforce an emancipation proclamation that wouldn’t just benefit the slaves but, also benefit the Union and hurt the Confederates. Everything comes to a point where the tides change with great force when the Battle of Antietam ends in a gruesome mess that fuels the Union campaign and morale to continue on and win the war. In my views I see that McPherson was a bit prejudice against McClellan. He often commented on McClellan’s lack of leadership not only in his own words but, through the letters of soldiers who wrote home. They would tell of how they were sick and tired of ways of commanding. McPherson also showed a bias in the favor of the Confederacy not really by what he said but, by what he did not say. He rarely spoke on the weaknesses or even the strengths in...

Activities in Los Angeles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Activities in Los Angeles - Essay Example In the end, the two theme parks offer enough activities for the whole family. Most people see shopping as the most exciting experience in Los Angeles, especially because of the large shopping malls with a variety of products. The Third Street Promenade is among the top shopping centers because of its eccentric shopping atmosphere. It offers vintage stores with unique cultural artifacts, shops with luxury goods, and outdoor dining options. There are several outdoor recreational activities in Los Angeles. L.A.’s 75 miles of coastline and desirable weather provide a perfect outdoor experience for people who enjoy the sun. Activities range from beach surfing in Venice, Malibu or San Pedro beach to outdoor barbeque parties. Several barbeque locations offer exquisite meals and meat delicacies. There are several other engaging activities in Los Angeles such as hiking, golfing, snowboarding, and skiing. The sights of Hollywood and big budget art museums are just a supplementary excitement to the theme parks, beaches, and social experience that Los Angeles

Organizational Behavior & Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organizational Behavior & Leadership - Essay Example The other feature is that these leaders promise rewards as a way of motivation for a desired performance (Schein, 2010). Contrary to transactional leadership, transformational leadership is proactive and always forms new expectations in surbodinates.Leaders also have good visioning abilty, manegement and rhetorical skills and develop strong bonds with the followers. These kinds of leaders inspire subordinates to work for goals going beyond self interest. On the other hand the level five leadership qualities which have been mainly exhibited by leader A includes, self confidence, humility and modesty and unwavering resolve in them. They directly participate in work and gives credit to others for their achievements. To them, success is not attributed to personal might but good luck (Schein, 2010). Leader B to a larger extent identifies with transactional style of leadership. He puts great focus on rewards for tasks successfully accomplished. The visioning aspect he portrays in his leadership style is an influence from the outgoing Chief Executive Office which he is likely to shade off when he takes over. One demerit to his kind of leadership to employees is that this type of leader may become unpredictable and instill fear of being held hostage for their actions. His subordinates feel less motivated to go beyond self interest.Surbodinates feel some sense of freedom when this leader is away and they fear taking up new challenges for fear of the consequences if at all they

The rate of photosynthesis Essay Example for Free

The rate of photosynthesis Essay Introduction: Photosynthesis is the trapping of carbon dioxide and its subsequent reduction to carbohydrate, using hydrogen from water. Hexose sugars and starch are commonly formed so the following equation is often used: light energy 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon dioxide water chlorophyll carbohydrate oxygen Photosynthesis consists of two stages: These are the light-dependent reactions, for which light energy is necessary, and the light independent reactions series of light-dependent reactions that are temperature-independent and a series of temperature-dependent reactions that are light-independent. The rate of the first series, called the light reaction, can be increased by increasing light intensity (within certain limits) but not by increasing temperature. In the second series, called the dark reaction, the rate can be increased by increasing temperature (within certain limits) but not by increasing light intensity Photosynthesis involves the production of oxygen, and the uptake of carbon dioxide. These can be used as a measure of the rate of photosynthesis. This experiment will be an investigation into the photosynthetic rate, the rate at which plants produce all their own organic substances (food) using only light energy and simple inorganic substances. The rate of photosynthesis is dependent on environmental factors, particularly the amount of light available, the level of carbon dioxide and the temperature. The effect of these factors can be tested experimentally by altering one of these factors while holding others constant. We know that light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature are three factors that can determine the rate of photosynthesis. If the level of one of these factors is changed, rate of photosynthesis changes. Normally, only changes to one of the factors will affect the rate of photosynthesis in a plant at a time. This is the factor that is nearest to its minimum, the limiting factor. Changing the limiting factor increases or decreases the rate, but changes to the other factors have no effect. This is because photosynthesis is a complex is a complex involving many steps. The overall rate of photosynthesis in a plant is determined by the rate of whichever step is proceeding most slowly at a particular time. This is called the rate-limiting step. The three limiting factors affect different rate-limiting steps. Carbon dioxide concentration: At low and medium CO2 concentrations, the rate-limiting step in the Calvin cycle is the point where CO2 is fixed to produce glycerate 3-phosphate. Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) and NADPH accumulate. At high CO2 concentrations some other factor is limiting. Light intensity: At low light intensities, there is a shortage of the products of the light-dependant reactions NADPH and ATP. The point where glycerate 3-phosphate is reduced is the rate-limiting step in the Calvin cycle. At high light intensities some other factor is limiting. Temperature: At low temperatures, all of the enzymes that catalyse the reactions of the Calvin cycle work slowly. NADPH accumulates. At intermediate temperatures, some other factor is limiting. At high temperatures, RuBP carboxylase does not work effectively, so the rate-limiting step in the Calvin cycle is the point where CO2 is fixed. NADPH accumulates. Research question: How does altering the carbon dioxide concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis? Prediction: I predict that the rate of photosynthesis is positively related with CO2 concentration. I predict that increasing the CO2 concentration will increase the rate of photosynthesis proportionally to it. Applied to my experiment, that means the higher the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution concentration (which provides the CO2 for the cress disks in order to photosynthesize), the faster oxygen is produced as a waste product and the faster the cress discs rise to the top of the beaker. Variables The independent variable: Carbon dioxide concentration: Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution was used to provide the CO2 for the cress disks in order to photosynthesize. In the experiment different NaHCO3 concentrations were made up using pure NaHCO3 solution and distilled water, always making up 60cm3 of liquid. Controlled Variables: Light intensity: A bench lamp was used as the light source in the experiment. It was always constantly placed 5cm above the liquid surface so that the same amount of light falls on the beaker with the cress disks inside the hydrogen carbonate solution for every experiment. Temperature: The temperature should stay constant for all of the carried out experiments, room temperature of about 20 °C being the case. Dependent variable: Amount of oxygen as a waste product of photosynthesis produced: In the experiment we didnt measure the amount of oxygen produced directly. Instead a stop watch was used to monitor how long it took for the individual cress disks to rise to the top of the beaker. Being the dependent variable, the time it took for cress disks to rise at different NaHCO3 concentrations, was the recorded data. In the experiment the NaHCO3 solution enters the air spaces of the cress disks. As it provides the cress disks with the CO2, say the higher the NaHCO3 concentration meant the more oxygen is produced as a waste product of photosynthesis. The quicker the cress disks rose to the top of the beaker means that more oxygen is produced during photosynthesis. Apparatus 1 Plastic straw 3 Small Beakers (100cm) 2 Plastic Syringes (20cm) 1 Plastic Syringe (10cm) 1 stopwatch 1 Thermometer 1 cress plant Method 1. Use a plastic straw to punch out 5 discs from the cotyledons of the cress plants provided. Do this by placing a finger underneath the cotyledon to support it. Keep the discs in the straw for the moment. 2. The plunger from a 10cm3 plastic syringe was removed. Then I placed a finger over the nozzle and approximately half-filled the syringe with sodium  hydrogen carbonate solution. Gently blow the discs from the straw into the syringe. I replace the plunger, inverted the syringe and then pushed the plunger up far enough to expel the air from the syringe. 3. Place a finger over the nozzle of the syringe and gently pull out the plunger a short distance (past a 3cm3 distance on the syringe barrel). This procedure was done in order to pull the air out of the air spaces of the cress discs and replace it with the surrounding solution. I had to hold the plunger at this position for a few seconds to make sure the air really gets pulled out the discs air spaces, and then removed my finger from the nozzle. 4. Repeat this procedure twice more. Tap the syringe barrel between each evacuation. At this stage the discs should sink. If this does not happen repeat the evacuation process. 5. Use pure sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and distilled water in order to always make up 60cm3 liquid of different NaHCO3 concentrations Using two 20cm3 plastic syringes for each the pure sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and the distilled water, the needed quantities are given into a beaker to make up the wanted NaHCO3 concentrations. 6. Then the syringe plunger was removed and the contents are tipped into the beaker. 7. Check that the discs have sunk to the bottom and if not remove and discard those ones. A minimum of 4 sunken discs is required in order to have sufficient data for the experiment. 8. The beaker with the contents is placed immediately under a bench lamp. This has to stand not more than 5 cm above the solutions surface but so that it still allows one to see the discs. 9. The bench lamp is turned on and the stopwatch is started. The discs are observed until they have all risen to the surface. The time in seconds it takes for each disc to rise is recorded. 10. This procedure is repeated using different concentrations of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. Results The following tables show the amount of time (in seconds) it took for the discs under different NaHCO3 concentrations to rise to the water surface. Every experiment was done twice in order to account for reliability of the first results. Time taken in seconds for discs to rise in 10 cm of NaHCO3 10 cm pure NaHCO3 solution + 50 cm H2O 1st reading per seconds 2nd in seconds Average in seconds disc 1 524 502 513.0 disc 2 592 575 583.5 disc 3 642 618 630.0 disc 4 680 658 668.5 disc 5 767 698 732.5 Time taken in seconds for discs to rise in 20 cm of NaHCO3 20 cm pure NaHCO3 solution + 40 cm H2O 1st experiment in seconds 2nd in seconds Average in seconds . disc 1 387 362 374.5 disc 2 428 401 414.5 disc 3 470 452 461.0 disc 4 502 486 494.0 disc 5 544 587 565.5 Time taken in seconds for discs to rise in 30 cm of NaHCO3 30 cm pure NaHCO3 solution + 30 cm H2O 1st experiment in seconds 2nd in seconds Average in seconds disc 1 265 282 273.5 disc 2 279 336 307.5 disc 3 360 398 379.0 disc 4 446 458 452.0 disc 5 507 532 519.5 Time taken in seconds for discs to rise in 40 cm of NaHCO3 40 cm pure NaHCO3 solution + 20 cm H2O 1st experiment in seconds 2nd in seconds . Average in seconds disc 1 313 301 307.0 disc 2 354 360 357.0 disc 3 378 401 389.0 disc 4 428 476 452.0 disc 5 487 498 492.5 Time taken in seconds for discs to rise in 50 cm of NaHCO3 50 cm pure NaHCO3 solution + 10 cm H2O 1st experiment in seconds 2nd in seconds Average in seconds disc 1 263 282 272.5 disc 2 287 299 293.0 disc 3 343 318 330.5 disc 4 398 419 408.5 disc 5 456 443 449.5 Time taken in seconds for discs to rise in 60 cm of NaHCO3 60 cm pure NaHCO3 solution 1st experiment in seconds 2nd in seconds Average in seconds disc 1 259 245 252.0 disc 2 265 271 268.0 disc 3 303 288 295.5 disc 4 313 302 295.5 disc 5 319 311 315.0 Table showing 1/time for the different NaHCO3 solutions (CO2 concentration) 1st run Concentration of CO2 (NaHCO3 solution in cm3) 1 / time it takes for disc 1 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 2 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 3 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 4 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 5 to rise to surface in seconds Average of 1 / time for the 5 disks Concentration of CO2 (NaHCO3 solution in cm3) 1 / time it takes for disc 1 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 2 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 3 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 4 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 5 to rise to surface in seconds Average of 1 / time for the 5 disks Average Concentration of CO2 (NaHCO3 solution in cm3) 1 / time it takes for disc 1 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 2 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 3 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 4 to rise to surface in seconds 1 / time it takes for disc 5 to rise to surface in seconds Average of 1 / time for the 5 disks Comments on results As one can see from the tables, in general the time it takes for the cress discs to rise to the surface of the beaker decreases as the concentration of NaHCO3 increases. In average, when 10cm3 of NaHCO3 where used, disc 1 rose after 513.0 seconds, disc 5 after 732.5 seconds. When 60cm of NaHCO3 where it took only 252.0 seconds for disc 1, and 315.0 seconds for disc 5 to rise. The basic pattern that as NaHCO3 concentration increases the time for the discs to come to the top decreases can be seen. This would mean that more oxygen is produced by the leaf discs as NaHCO3 concentration increases, and as a result the time to rise to the top decreases. As oxygen production can be used as a measure of photosynthesis, in taking the time of how long it takes for the discs to come to the surface, we get values that are proportional to the oxygen production. One can therefore calculate the rate of photosynthesis by dividing 1 over the average time it took for the discs to rise to the top. From the results table above the general pattern that the rate of photosynthesis increases as the concentration of CO2 (NaHCO3) is raised. At a CO2 concentration when 10cm3 NaHCO3 are used the rate of photosynthesis is 0.0016223. At a CO2 concentration when 60cm3 NaHCO3 are used the rate of photosynthesis is 0.00352848. However the table shows that at a CO2 concentration when 40cm3 NaHCO3 were used the average rate is 0.0025744 which is lower than at 30cm3 NaHCO3 which gave a rate of 0.00273684. This explains the little dink in the graph at the CO2 concentration of 40cm3 NaHCO3 before the line continues to go up again from a CO2 concentration of 50cm3 NaHCO3. The graph very well displays that the rate of photosynthesis increases fairly quickly as the CO2 concentration is increased and that the line is starting to level off at higher CO2 concentrations. Analysis My results clearly show that the average time it takes for the cress discs to rise decreases as the concentration of NaHCO3 increases. This is because the higher the CO2 concentration the higher the rate of photosynthesis. As a result of the photosynthetic rate increasing, the production of oxygen as a waste product of photosynthesis increases as well. As the cress discs produce oxygen quicker at higher CO2 concentrations that means the oxygen will make the discs rise quicker. With more oxygen produced the buoyancy of the cress discs increases and this leads to the discs floating to the top of the beaker. With the discs rising faster and indicating that the amount of oxygen produced increases with higher CO2 concentration, will mean that the rate of photosynthesis increases as well. My results support this statement, too. My graph shows that at low to fairly high CO2 concentrations the rate of photosynthesis is positively correlated with CO2 concentration. This implies for my graph except for the CO2 concentration of 40cm3 which is therefore clearly an anomalous result. The graph also shows that at high CO2 concentrations the rate of photosynthesis is slowing down and moving towards a plateau. This is because at high CO2 concentrations there is some other factor limiting the rate of photosynthesis. Conclusion In general my results support my hypothesis that the rate of photosynthesis is positively related with CO2 concentration. My results from experiment have shown that at higher CO2 concentrations more oxygen is produced by the cress discs. This oxygen will make them rise to the surface more quickly as the leaf discs buoyancy increases. My results table and graph show that at constant light intensities and temperature, the rate of photosynthesis initially increases with an increasing concentration of carbon dioxide, but is starting to reach a plateau at higher concentrations. At low concentrations of carbon dioxide, the supply of carbon dioxide is the rate-limiting factor. At higher concentrations of carbon dioxide, other factors such as light intensity and temperature are rate limiting. The rate of photosynthesis is determined by the rate-limiting step which is the step that is proceeding most slowly at a time. At low to medium CO2 concentrations, the rate-limiting step in the Calvin cycle is the point where CO2 is fixed to produce glycerate 3-phosphate. RuBP and NADPH accumulate. The plateau on my graph however shows that at higher CO2 concentrations some other factor is limiting, meaning either light intensity or temperature are too low for the rate of photosynthesis to increase further. To the extent that the rate of photosynthesis increases as the rate of CO2 concentration increases, my prediction overlaps with my results. However my results have also shown me the fact that this relationship doesnt continue like that forever. Having done this experiment, has shown me that the rate of photosynthesis increases with increasing CO2 but is limited by the factor which is nearest to its lowest value. Accuracy of observations In general, the accuracy of the equipment is very good, however, for each of them there is some element of inaccuracy in terms of the readings to be made this also includes the human element in making the reading. For the most  accurate results, the reading has to be made with the scale being on eye level. The 20cm plastic syringes have an accuracy of + 0.5cm3; the beakers as well show an accuracy of + 0.5cm3. The 10cm3 syringes however are accurate to + 0.25cm3 Thus for all the solutions we have to assume that the maximum error of the readings made could be + 1.25cm, which is very important. Improvements to method: Even though, the method could be improved still. One issue for instance that could be used to slightly improve the method and thus the accuracy of the results would be to use a water bath in order to make sure that the experiment is conducted under generally stable conditions as for this will ensure that the temperature stays the same throughout the whole experiment. This would be of great importance for conducting an experiment which implies of temperature being one of the limiting factors. Using a water bath one could also set up the experiment in a way that the oxygen produced as waste product of photosynthesis could be directly collected under water. Evaluation and anomalous results In general the method wasnt changed much to the preliminary work. However, in my preliminary work I first used a total amount of 100cm3 NaHCO3 solution to make up the different NaHCO3 concentrations. This showed that when low NaHCO3 concentrations (little pure NaHCO3 being used) were used, it took more than 10minutes for the cress discs to rise to the surface of the beaker. This is simply too long and wouldnt have given me enough time to do sufficient repeats of the experiment. Thats why I decided to reduce the total amount of NaHCO3 solution used to 60cm3. I think that my results have shown that a general pattern can be seen. The collected data, illustrated in tables and diagrams backs up my prediction.  However the reliability is not too strong, as significant differences can be seen in the time taken for the discs to rise, especially at a NaHCO3 concentration of 40cm3. Throughout the experiment the same plastic straw was used to cut discs out from cress leaves. The plastic straw had a diameter of about 4mm, meaning that all cress discs had the same diameter throughout the investigation. However other variations in the size of the cress discs could have occurred. For example the thickness of the cress leaves might have varied, resulting in thicker and thinner and cress discs between experiments. These structural differences might have accounted for the anomalous results but also for the significant differences in the time it took for the discs to come up to the surface, between run 1 and 2 of the same concentration. A factor that wasnt particularly controlled at all was temperature. The light source of the investigation was a simple bench lamp. As I have observed the light bulb got really hot after a few minutes of usage. This would mean that at the beginning, namely the very first concentration of the first experiment wouldnt have been affected by the light bulb. However by the time the next concentration was used the light bulb was already hot. This would have resulted in the heat that given off by the light bulb to increase the temperature of the NaHCO3 solution the seed discs were floating in. Even further as the time it took for discs to rise varied with different NaHCO3 concentrations means that the time the NaHCO3 solution exposed to the heat given off by the light bulb varied, too. This means the temperature of the different NaHCO3 solutions must have varied as well. As temperature is one of the limiting factors of photosynthesis this could have had significant effects on the experiment. Temperature being higher at some NaHCO3 concentrations means that the reaction of photosynthesis must have taken place faster, resulting in a faster production of oxygen, meaning that the cress discs rose to the surface quicker. In addition there are some anomalous results found in the graph. However, the graph shows a trough at a CO2 concentration of 40cm NaHCO. This should not be the case; the line should go up further and then level off properly. My graph however doesnt show a clear plateau which should be seen when high CO2 concentrations have been reached as slowly no more oxygen can be produced in the same time. Optimally at low to fairly high CO2 concentrations the graph should show that the rate of photosynthesis is directly proportional to CO2 concentration. These factors could be down to the fact mentioned earlier that the cress discs might have been of different structures, e.g. thicker and therefore affected the experiment. However I think that one also has to consider the fact that the experiment involved living organisms. Just like human beings, plants dont always act in an expected way. This is what essentially makes biology interesting in that the expected is not always happening. In doing this experiment we were measuring the time it took for cress discs to rise to the surface of a beaker at different NaHCO3 concentrations. In doing so we were effectively trying to collect data, namely time, which is proportional to the production of oxygen of the seed discs in order to get information about the rate of photosynthesis. The seed discs producing more oxygen meant that they would rise faster. Oxygen being a by-product of photosynthesis can be used to get a picture of the rate of photosynthesis of a plant. So ideally an experiment carried out measure the amount of this oxygen production would be better designed to get an indication of the rate of photosynthesis of a plant. The oxygen collection would take place in water; a water bath could be used for example.

The Function of the Shawl in Ozicks The Shawl Essay -- Cynthia Ozick

The Function of the Shawl in Ozick’s â€Å"The Shawl† Suffering becomes a way of life for Magda, Stella and Rosa, as they struggle to survive during the Holocaust. During these trying times, some cling to ideals and dreams, while others find unusual vessels of hope – like the shawl – to perdure in their austere living conditions. Although the shawl becomes a source of conflict between Magda, Stella and Rosa in this narrative, it also serves as a pivotal force and a motivational factor. In Ozick’s â€Å"The Shawl†, a small wrap allows its owners to triumph over the adversities of a concentration camp, the â€Å"magic shawl† comforts, nourishes, protects and prolongs life. For Magda, the shawl serves as a magical place, a place of transition and latent life, it acts as a figurative surrogate mother, a pacifier, nourishment and comfort. Hidden away in her warm little cocoon, Magda is not only protected but concealed from the Nazis. When she is wrapped up in the shawl on Rosa’s chest as an infant, Magda is mistaken for Rosa’s breasts, she would â€Å"have been dead already, but had been buried deep inside the magic shawl† (paragraph 6). If it wasn’t for the shawl’s protection, Magda could not have been soothed and comforted by warmth and nourishment as she was during her short life. Not only is the shawl her cocoon, it is also a pacifier for starving Magda’s screams, it nourishes her with its â€Å"good flavor, milk of linen† (paragraph 3) â€Å"for three days and three nights† (paragraph 4). Magda sucks it and wraps herself in it to be very still (paragraph 7) and she guards her shawl â€Å"like a tiger† (paragraph 7). Her instinct is to protect the one thing she knows and loves, the shawl has provided Magda with the basic necessities she need... ...tic and unimaginable of circumstances. Despite the horrifying circumstances she faces, a malnourished, selfless Rosa tries her hardest to be the best mother she can be to her innocent child. Unable to continuously keep Magda safe, nourished and comforted, Rosa counts on the shawl to keep Magda out of harms way, the shawl indirectly becomes a great source of comfort for Rosa because it allows her to know that her baby is safe and sound. Stella wants this comfort, this protection, and so she steals the shawl and murders Magda. In Ozick’s â€Å"The Shawl†, the shawl serves as a source of comfort, nourishment, protection, and life, for Magda, Stella and Rosa during the Holocaust. WORKS CITED Ozick, Cynthia. â€Å"The Shawl†. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts. 4th Compact Ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2008. 230-233.

Carrying the Fire Individuation Toward the Mature Masculine

Carrying the Fire Individuation Toward the Mature Masculine and Telos of Cultural Myth in Cormac McCarthy’s No Country for Old Men and The Road maggie bortz So everything is necessary. Every least thing. This is the hard lesson. Nothing can be dispensed with. Nothing despised. Because the seams are hid from us, you see. The joinery. The way in which the world is made. (McCarthy, 1999b, 143) It was good that God kept the truths of life from the young as they were starting out or else they’d have no heart to start at all. (McCarthy 1999a, 284)Although many critics consider Cormac McCarthy to be the greatest living novelist in America, his dark, compelling vision did not reach a mass audience until the film adaptation of his novel No Country for Old Men (2005) was released in 2007. The film, directed by Ethan and Joel Coen (2007), won the Academy Award for Best Picture. A film adaptation of his latest novel, The Road (2006), which won the Pulitzer Prize, was released in la te 2009. McCarthy now has the public’s rapt attention. McCarthy’s visionary works can be read as dreams of our contemporary culture.Great works of art, like dreams, perform a compensatory function to the conscious attitudes of a society and may carry teleological implications. Jung viewed great art as an aperture to the collective unconscious, through which the role of the archetypes in shaping the psychological development of individuals and societies might be discerned (1930/1966, CW 15,  ¶Ã‚ ¶157, 161). McCarthy’s later novels, speaking in image and myth, the language of the unconscious, frame the collective psychic dissociation that prevents us, individually and collectively, from growing up.The final, transcendent image in No Country for Old Men, which appears in an old man’s dream, and the father-son imagery in The Road suggest that a reunion and recalibration of the inner Jung Journal: Culture & Psyche, Volume 5, Number 4, pp. 28–42, ISSN 1934-2039, e-ISSN 1934-2047.  © 2011 Virginia Allan Detloff Library, C. G. Jung Institute of San Francisco. All rights reserved. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press’s Rights and Permissions website at www. ucpressjournals. com/reprintinfo/asp.DOI: 10. 1525/jung. 2011. 5. 4. 28. Maggie Bortz, Telos in No Country for Old Men and The Road 29 father and son, representing a â€Å"union of sames† in the split masculine archetype, constitute the requisite path of healing and maturation. This imagery may prefigure the emergence of a new cultural myth. Jungian analyst Joseph Henderson identified specific thresholds of initiation or psychological rites of passage â€Å"which make possible the transition from childhood to adolescence, from adolescence to early maturity, and from maturity to the experience of individuation† (2005, 11).Our culture, however, remains dominated by male adolescent energy, seemingly arrested in anachronistic identification with the uninitiated hero, still living out a negative mother complex: a myth of male regeneration through escalating violence inflicted on a feminine earth and on humanity. This entrenched cultural complex manifests in and is reinforced by social constructs of what it means to be male in modern America, including the myth of the self-made man and the ethic of individualism. This complex also bears â€Å"a revolutionary unattached shadow that would smash all fetters† (Hillman 2005, 56–57).To give a clinical example, some of my clients, on parole from the Oregon Youth Authority, are very likable boys for the most part who, at 14 or 15, have already spent a year behind bars in the state’s â€Å"baby† prison system. Their yearnings for identity are shaped by a culture of outer action devoid of inner meaning. The lack of connection to an inner life also appears in adult male populations in presenting symptoms like workaholism, anger issues, substance abuse, relationship problems, and sexual obsession. In older men, the dissociative phenomenon is related to the common tragedy of suicidal depression.Women, of course, are not immune to any of these things. It is axiomatic that masculine cultural dominants affect women’s lives and impact their relationships with men. On a deeper level, masculine psychological energy is present and problematic in the female psyche as well. Jung personified the unconscious masculine energy in a woman as an interior male image, the animus. â€Å"Her unconsciousness has, so to speak, a masculine imprint† (1951/1968, CW 9ii,  ¶29). James Hillman personified â€Å"the psychological foundation of the problem of history† in the archetypal magery of the senex (old man) and puer (young man) (2005, 35). Old men and young men are ubiquitous images in McCarthy’s work. No Country for Old Men and The Road appear to validate Hillman’s theory that a split in the masculine senex-puer archetype underlies the psychic malaise of our time and that work toward a â€Å"union of sames† must begin at the senex pole of that archetype. Although the reticent McCarthy seems to write from a Jungian-informed perspective, I was unable to discover any biographical data linking him to an interest in Jungian psychology.However, he frequently associates with physicists at the interdisciplinary Santa Fe Institute, a think tank located at the former site of the Manhattan Project, a collaboration McCarthy has tersely attributed to his enduring interest â€Å"in the way things work† (Voice of America 2008). C. G. Jung collaborated with Nobel 30 jung journal: culture & psyche 5:4 / fall 2011 Prize-winning physicist Wolfgang Pauli and was struck by the cogent parallels between quantum physics and his psychological theory (Pauli and Jung 1992/2001).Beyond the shared observer effect and the subject-object bond , quantum physics and Jungian psychology both venture into depths where the distinctions between energy and matter collapse. Following the development of nuclear weapons, Jung and Pauli also shared a deep concern about the future: they feared that in the absence of a greater understanding of man’s potential for evil, humanity would â€Å"destroy itself through the might of its own technology and science† (1957/1970, CW 10,  ¶585). Although McCarthy’s canon garners critical acclaim, his work also provokes controversy.Yale literary critic Harold Bloom admits to a â€Å"fierce† passion for Blood Meridian (1985), which he considers a masterpiece of American literature. Bloom also confesses that he had a hard time finishing the book because he â€Å"flinched from the overwhelming carnage that McCarthy portrays† (2009, 1). Literary critic Morris Philipson has written: â€Å"For culture, just as for therapy, symbols are not intuitions by themselves; th ey are only brute facts that must be interpreted† (1992, 226–227). There are brute facts aplenty inMcCarthy’s canon: scalping, massacres, executions, necrophilia, cannibalism, every imaginable kind of human evil, but his artistic vision reflects the ultimate mystery of the unconscious and does not lend itself to facile reduction. Symbolic images, whether interpreted or not, affect us. They represent living psychological dynamics that we experience as feelings, emotions, ideas, and impulses toward action. McCarthy’s earlier work is often celebrated for its lyrical style and long, commafree sentences.Critic Steven Frye wrote that, â€Å"for many of us that artistry, his mastery of beauty in language, is the only compensating factor for the bleak and uncompromising world he forces us to confront† (2005, 16). But in No Country for Old Men, the prose is clipped and minimalistic. The unconscious tends to turn up the music as required to equilibrate the co nscious attitude. Compensatory dreams may become repetitious or disturbing; symptoms may become more severe.Perhaps McCarthy’s style has changed because we have missed the subtler messages of the collective unconscious, and it is getting more obviously archetypal in its self-regulatory attempts. As if mirroring a quaternity, the pattern of psychic wholeness, No Country for Old Men contains four major characters. The landscape, as character, presents the energy of the dark, chthonic feminine. Llewelyn Moss, the hunter who becomes prey, embodies the immature masculine energy of the hero, a puer spirit contaminated by a negative mother complex. Anton Chigurh, the psychopathic killer, personifies evil in its human and god-like dimensions.The psychological protagonist, Sheriff Ed Tom Bell, is a senex figure with positive and negative attributes who struggles against his own nature to assimilate his shadow and to individuate toward the mature masculine. Each represents an autonomou s complex at work inside the collective psyche. Complexes are split-off parts of the personality or culture that â€Å" behave like independent Maggie Bortz, Telos in No Country for Old Men and The Road 31 beings† ( Jung 1937/1969, CW 8,  ¶253). The ultimate meaning of the quaternity in this cultural dream remains ambiguous. Jung thought that the automatic eneration of quaternary images, â€Å"whether consciously or in dreams and fantasies, can indicate the ego’s capacity to assimilate unconscious material. But they may also be essentially apotropaic, an attempt by the psyche to prevent itself from disintegrating† (Sharp 1991, 111). Both possibilities, further evolution and collective psychosis, must be entertained in reading the work. The interpretation of a dream often begins with a careful consideration of the setting. No Country for Old Men unfolds in 1980 in the wild, scrubby borderlands of South Texas and Mexico.The landscape is a raw, barren land of spr awling desert plain, lava scree, red dirt, and creosote, sparsely inhabited by Mojave rattlesnakes, scorpions, and birds of prey. The image of the border itself suggests an unstable and volatile place between two worlds where the usual rules do not apply, a sort of psychological no-man’s-land where consciousness and unconscious meet. Borders are the domain of the archetypal Trickster, who incites psychic change through creative and destructive interventions that disturb the established psychological order.The archetypal feminine is always a silent, powerful, brooding presence in McCarthy’s work. In his novels, anima or soul is sometimes represented by animals, feral creatures who need human protection, like the pregnant wolf that Billy finds trapped at the beginning of The Crossing (1999b). Sometimes, and usually briefly, followed by tragic consequences, the anima is projected onto young women in McCarthy’s novels. But the chthonic feminine, as landscape, is alw ays present in his novels, both as a primitive force of nature and as a deeply unconscious psychological dynamic in the characters’ psyches.Anima figures fare pretty poorly in McCarthy’s work. Billy must kill the beloved wolf in The Crossing to save her from a slow, agonizing death in a dog pit, where she has become the main act in a blood sport that entertains older men. In The Road, anima as landscape has been killed off entirely: the chthonic feminine is a fading memory, a charred and ruined relic. In No Country for Old Men, anima appears as landscape in foreboding form: High bloodweeds along the road. Wiregrass and sacahuista. Beyond in the stone arroyos the tracks of dragons.The raw rock mountains shadowed in the late sun and to the east the shimmering abscissa of the desert plains under a sky where raincurtains hung dark as soot all along the quadrant. That god lives in silence who has scoured the following land with salt and ash. (McCarthy 2005, 45) The dark fem inine landscape in No Country for Old Men mirrors the alchemical process of calcinatio and its products: salt, a metaphor for bitterness or wisdom, and soot and ash, the residue of fire. â€Å"The calcinatio is performed on the primitive shadow side, which harbors hungry, instinctual desirousness and is contaminated with the unconscious.The fire for the process comes from the frustration of these instinctual desires† (Edinger 1994, 21–22). 32 jung journal: culture & psyche 5:4 / fall 2011 The characters in No Country for Old Men are ambivalent about the landscape. Uncle Ellis tells the sheriff: This country was hard on people. But they never seem to hold it to account. In a way that seems peculiar. That they didnt . . . How come people dont feel like this country has got a lot to answer for? They dont. You can say that the country is just the country, it dont actively do nothing, but that dont mean much . . This country will kill you in a heartbeat and still people lov e it. (McCarthy 2005, 271) On one hand, the landscape represents a terrible archetypal mother, the surrealistic backdrop of a burgeoning drug war, which is itself the continuation of many barbaric historical slaughters. In other respects, the characters identify positively with the landscape. She still nurtures according to her increasingly limited abilities. Moss can still find antelope in her deep interior space and a river saves him from certain death early in the book.All of the novel’s central male characters are veterans: they have gone to war and risked their lives to protect â€Å"the country. † The power of the landscape, however, is muted in No Country for Old Men as opposed to McCarthy’s earlier Western novels. Even the moon, the symbol of feminine consciousness, is disfigured. It is as though man’s relentless dominance, his continual conquests, savagery, and ever forward â€Å"progress† have effectively depotentiated the chthonic femini ne, and she has regressed more deeply into the unconscious.Behind the mask of our technological society lurks a negative mother complex, a dissociation from and opposition to the feminine principle. Complexes are not ours to eliminate. On the contrary, they commonly persist beyond the life of the individual and perpetuate themselves across generations. According to Jung, â€Å"A complex can be really overcome only if it is lived out to the full . . . If we are to develop further we have to draw to us and drink down to the very dregs what . . . we have held at a distance† (1954/1968, CW 9i,  ¶184).Unconsciously living out this collective negative mother complex is a dangerous and precarious proposition: it means consuming the natural world and each other in the process. The second major character, Llewelyn Moss, a welder and Viet Nam veteran, is hunting antelope in the desert when he stumbles across the surreal, slaughterhouse scene of a failed drug deal. Moss finds a case o f money, a load of heroin, and one dying Hispanic man pleading for water. He takes the money, but his conscience nags him and he comes back to the scene that night with a jug of water for the dying man.His belated act of compassion commences the novel’s ostensible journey: Moss runs with the money, pursued by Anton Chigurh, a rival hoard of drug dealers, and Sheriff Bell. Classical Jungian theory links both the puer and the hero to the Great Mother: the puer via regressive attachment, the hero via opposition. James Hillman argued, however, that whereas the hero is always bound up in a battle with the mother, the puer spirit is defined in relationship to the father and is not heroic in the classical sense. Maggie Bortz, Telos in No Country for Old Men and The Road 33Puer consciousness is a masculine psychological energy representing, in alchemical terms, â€Å"a new spirit born of an old spirit† (2005, 117). Hillman contended that whereas the emergent masculine ego migh t pattern itself in association with either archetype, an alchemical â€Å"union of sames† in the puer-senex archetype represents the requisite path of individuation toward the mature masculine. Moss initially seems to reflect qualities of the archetypal puer-like opportunist. Like other mythological puer figures, such as Icarus or Bellerophon,1 he does not recognize his limitations and is more vulnerable than he realizes.During his first encounter with the drug dealers, Moss injures his feet by walking barefoot in the river gravel and then traversing the country in wet boots. A gunshot wound suffered during his first encounter with Chigurh further lames him for the abbreviated duration of his life. The classic puer injury to the foot suggests a fatal weakness where this immature consciousness meets the world. Once Moss takes the money, however, his thoughts, feelings, and behaviors clearly pattern boy or uninitiated hero psychological energy.His heroic quest is about cashâ⠂¬â€his spirit is literalized in currency. Moss is skillful with weapons, which are described in elaborate detail. Literary critic Jay Ellis astutely observed the technological fetishism with which McCarthy describes Moss’ preoccupation with weapons and tools: To pre-adolescent (and increasingly, adolescent and older) male readers still uncertain about their vulnerability and power in the world . . . the minutiae surrounding objects that afford their user power in the world become all-important . . .Anything that can be added on to an already desirable object that will afford greater lethality, great speed, greater vision, or more information, fills in for what young men fear they lack. (2009, 138) Ellis noted that these powerful weapons and tools ultimately do little for Moss: he misses his opening shot at an antelope and is ultimately gunned down by drug dealers at a cheap hotel. Sheriff Bell, in contrast, is dubious of sophisticated weaponry. â€Å"Tools that comes into our hands comes into theirs too . . . Some of the old time sheriffs wouldnt even carry a firearm† (McCarthy 2005, 62–63).Moss’ interactions with women betray an oblique hostility and adolescent insecurity. He uses sarcasm to dismiss and deflect his young wife. Moss mentions â€Å"mother† specifically twice in the book, both times in relation to death, and appears to dialogue with her elsewhere. Shortly before he is murdered, Moss picks up a teenage girl who is hitchhiking. The mother complex speaking through Moss tells the girl: â€Å"Most people’ll run from their own mother to get to hug death by the neck. They can’t wait to see him† (McCarthy 2005, 234).Moss’ unconsciousness of his own limitations, of any transpersonal ideals, and of the insurmountable evil he both confronts and secretly carries within him, costs him his own life; the collateral damage includes the deaths of his wife and the young hitchhiker. 34 jung journal: culture & psyche 5:4 / fall 2011 At this point in the senescence of our culture, McCarthy seems to say, the hero is as good as dead. Although Moss’ heroic tale entices the reader into the novel, as critic Jay Ellis (2009) has noted, this part of the story collapses midway through with Moss’ death when Sheriff Bell’s process emerges to dominate.This apparent literary dismissal of the heroic neurosis may reflect its psychological status as a secondary pathology, as a symptom of failed initiation that masks a religious problem: the missing God â€Å"who offered a focus for spiritual things† (Hillman 2005, 121). The third major character, Anton Chigurh, psychopath and assassin, represents the most potent force in the collective psyche at this time. He is a complex, quasiarchetypal shadow figure, a paradoxical psychic presence who acts as the dynamist or catalyst in the larger psychological process of the novel.When the reader meets Chigurh, he is a prisoner i n a small, rural county jail. While the arresting deputy chats on the phone, Chigurh, in one fluid move, gets his manacled hands in front of his body and around the jailor’s neck. After the grisly murder, Chigurh nonchalantly uses the bathroom, binds his injured wrists with tape and paper towels, and sits at the desk â€Å"studying the dead man gaping up from the floor† (McCarthy 2005, 6). There is no emotion in the scene beyond the horror it evokes in the reader. The motif of the murdered jailor has appeared elsewhere in McCarthy’s work.Here, Chigurh represents an archetypal impulse or tendency that has been banished, repressed, â€Å"locked up,† but has now freed itself to act. Chigurh, unlike Moss, is not motivated by money. When he eventually recovers the satchel of stolen cash, he returns it. Killing people is Chigurh’s job. The world is his abattoir. He is the quintessential bounty hunter, a contemporary iteration of the scalp hunters in Bloo d Meridian. He prefers to dispatch his victims (and to open doors) with a cattlegun. Other people become objects or livestock to him, and in this way, he prefigures the cannibals in The Road.Anton Chigurh seems to embody shadow qualities properly belonging to the personal unconscious of the other characters, as though the archetypal split between the contaminated puer and ineffectual senex created a psychological void that he is obligated, through some inscrutable psychological rule, to fill. In some respects, he is like a photographic negative of Moss. He even mirrors Moss’ limp, sustaining a leg injury while inflicting one. When Chigurh is injured in a car crash late in the book, he buys a boy’s shirt to make a sling for his broken arm, mirroring Moss’ earlier purchase of a boy’s coat on the Mexican border.Chigurh certainly needs no help from anyone. Women who spend too much time around Chigurh, like those who become involved with Moss, wind up dead. An aura of the negative hero seems to radiate around him. At the same time, Chigurh seems to carry some qualities of the negative senex that seem related to Sheriff Bell. As a senex figure, Bell represents, among other things, Maggie Bortz, Telos in No Country for Old Men and The Road 35 justice, law, and the process whereby these concepts are enforced in human affairs through the sometimes arbitrary power of an established order.Within an individual psyche, these ordering and moral functions are often associated with the senex archetype, and, inevitably, a murky shadow accompanies them. â€Å"A morality based on senexconsciousness will always be dubious. No matter what strict code of ethical purity it asserts, in the execution of its lofty principles there will be a balancing loathsome horror not far away† (Hillman 2005, 260). (The first line of the book suggests as much: â€Å"I sent one boy to the gaschamber at Huntsville† [McCarthy 2005, 3]. Like a dark reflection of the senex compulsion for law, order, and measurement, Chigurh is a man of exacting principles: â€Å"principles that transcend money or drugs or anything like that† (153). As Moss’ wife begs for her life, Chigurh shakes his head. â€Å"You’re asking that I make myself vulnerable and that I can never do. I have only one way to live and it doesn’t allow for special cases† (259). Anton Chigurh serves as a vehicle of unconscious projection for the reader. His sadistic acts and complete emotional detachment inspire terror. This character, so indefinably foreign, o marginally human, does not seem like one of us, but he is an irrefutable psychological truth that belongs to our culture. He represents something we should know about ourselves that remains unconscious, like a not yet understood dream. While Chigurh’s vulnerability to physical injury suggests a human shadow figure, his disappearing acts, miraculous escapes, and his association with fat e lend him a supernatural aura that suggests the archetypal shadow. By the end of the novel, Bell comes to believe that Satan â€Å"explains a lot of things that otherwise dont have no explanation† (McCarthy 2005, 218).Chigurh himself confesses that he has found â€Å"it useful to model himself after God† (257). For our culture at this time, we might say Chigurh is God, the dark God grown more human, closer to consciousness. Chigurh resembles the God-image Jung discovered in the Book of Job. Jung found that Yahweh, egged on by Satan, possessed, in part, â€Å"an animal nature† (1952/1969, CW 11,  ¶600) and, in this way, was â€Å"less than human† ( ¶599). Like Yahweh, Chigurh is guilty of â€Å"murder, bodily injury with premeditation, and denial of a fair trial† ( ¶581).For Jung, Yahweh’s cruelty to Job is â€Å"further exacerbated by the fact that Yahweh displays no compunction, remorse, or compassion, but only ruthlessness and brut ality† ( ¶581); we find the same divine heartlessness, fed by the unconscious, in Chigurh. Chigurh shares another trait with Yahweh: â€Å"Nowhere does he come up against an insuperable obstacle that would force him to hesitate and hence make him reflect on himself † ( ¶579). In Jung’s view, the Christ symbol represents only an intermediate stage in a process of divine development in which God effectively dissociated from his own dark side.Identification with the exclusively â€Å"good,† loving aspects of the divinity â€Å"is bound 36 jung journal: culture & psyche 5:4 / fall 2011 to lead to a dangerous accumulation of evil† (1952/1969, CW 11,  ¶653). Anton Chigurh symbolizes that magnetic, irrational pull to incarnate God’s darkness, â€Å"the ultimate source of evil, its absolute home† (Stein 1995, 144). Chigurh slays the cultural hero and provokes Bell’s psychological development: he is the dynamic agent, the terrorist , and instigator of Bell’s emergent connection to the unconscious. The realization of the self as an autonomous psychic factor is often stimulated by the irruption of contents over which the ego has no control† (Sharp 1991, 120). The irruption of contents like this can destroy the ego. In his Trickster role, Chigurh is not unlike Satan in the Book of Job or the serpent in the Garden of Eden. Evil serves a psychological function. â€Å"The stirring up of conflict is a Luciferian virtue in the true sense of the word. Conflict engenders fire, the fire of affects and emotions, and like every other fire it has two aspects, that of combustion and that of creating light† ( Jung 1954/1968, CW 9i,  ¶179).The conscious attitude determines whether the conflict is ultimately illuminating or destructive: we either evolve from our mistakes or we unconsciously dig deeper into our accustomed defenses. Sheriff Bell, a country lawman approaching sixty, is the novel’s psyc hological protagonist. As a senex figure, Bell seems to represent, at least in part, the conservative function of the archetype, â€Å"the fastness of our habits† (Hillman 2005, 48), â€Å"the principle of long-lasting survival through order† (284). Psychological movement, once incited by Chigurh, depends entirely on Bell’s interior process.Paradoxically, the path of psychic evolution begins with the senex in a process of disintegration. The novel takes its title from the first line of W. B. Yeats’ most celebrated poem, â€Å"Sailing to Byzantium,† which contrasts the material world with the transcendent world of art from the viewpoint of an aged man. It urges a belated attention to one’s soul. To the extent that art is an aperture to the collective unconscious, the journey to Byzantium implies an intrapsychic movement from the ego toward the Self.Critic John Vanderheide has observed that the renunciation of the physical world expressed in à ¢â‚¬Å"Sailing to Byzantium† and No Country for Old Men is forced on the narrator by old age and approaching death, conditions he is powerless to change (2005). Consume my heart away; sick with desire And fastened to a dying animal It knows not what it is; and gather me Into the artifice of eternity (Yeats 1926/1952, 490, stanza III, ll. 21–24) This felt sense of mortality, hopelessness, and limitation is often the cue that ignites the process of individuation.The collective unconscious calls aged men; whether they will respond and how is another matter entirely, but this painful territory is no country for young men. Maggie Bortz, Telos in No Country for Old Men and The Road 37 As senex figure, Bell is the ostensible boundary keeper of the cultural psyche, but he is flooded with content that he cannot repress. Bafflement pervades his monologues. He longs for times past when the world made more sense to him, but Bell’s nostalgia is more than a regressive symptom, it implies â€Å"a separation of halves, a missing conjunction† (Hillman 2005, 182).Bell carries notable qualities of the positive senex. His most authentic self is related to others. He sees himself as a shepherd to the people assigned to his care. â€Å"I’ve thought about why it was that I wanted to be a lawman. There was always some part of me that wanted people to listen to what I had to say. But there was a part of me too that just wanted to pull everybody in the boat† (McCarthy 2005, 296). His psyche is anchored in an imago of the positive feminine in the form of his anima figure, his wife of thirtyone years, Loretta.The escalating violence, his inability to contain it, and the imperatives of his own interior process force Bell to examine the psychological orientation that has guided his life. Bell confronts his own provisional life, an adulthood founded on a lie. As a young soldier in France during World War II, he fought bravely, but in the face of overw helming odds and certain death, fled the battlefield and his dead companions. He was awarded a Bronze Star for his service, an honor he tried to refuse. His election as county sheriff followed from this heroic misidentification.Bell confesses this history to his Uncle Ellis, an elderly lawman disabled in the line of duty, late in the book. â€Å"I didn’t know you could steal your own life,† he says (McCarthy 2005, 278). Bell concludes that his history resurfaces because â€Å"sometimes people would rather have a bad answer about things than no answer at all† (282). Bell endures the part of the alchemical process associated with the death and decay of the old substance, the old way of being in the world. He experiences his growing edge of consciousness as a defeat.Bell makes a final break with the inauthentic hero and our culture’s idea of what it means to be a man: he quits in the middle of the hunt. His decision to retire reflects an understanding of his own limitations and is guided by a deeper psychic injunction. I always knew that you had to be willin to die to even do this job. That was always true. . . . If you aint they’ll know it in a heartbeat. I think it is more like what you are willin to become. And I think that a man would have to put his soul at hazard. And I wont do that. I think now that maybe I never would. (McCarthy 2005, 4)Bell begins to acquiesce to and participate in his interior process, going back through his memories, paying attention to his dreams, engaging in active imagination. He ponders the memory of an image he encountered on the battlefield in France, â€Å"a stone water trough† carved â€Å"to last ten thousand years† (307). A trough contains water, a symbol of the unconscious, perhaps the personal unconscious, but perhaps the collective one. The trough symbolizes a way of understanding content arising from the unconscious and resonates as a religious symbol. For Jung, 38 jung jou rnal: culture & psyche 5:4 / fall 2011 an had the need for a felt connection to something larger than his ego deeply embedded into the fabric of his being, but man lost his sense of larger meaning and purpose somewhere amid the horrors and upheavals of the twentieth century. Jung believed that the modern collective failure to channel this instinct, to carve another indestructible stone trough, was both symptom and root cause of our collective dissociation. Bell rejects the notion of carving a trough himself; it must be a collective enterprise, and no new myth has yet emerged to replace the dying God-image of our culture.Bell’s only child, a daughter, died as an infant thirty years before the story begins. Childlessness is associated with the negative senex. â€Å"When the senex has lost its child . . . A dying complex infects all psychic life† (Hillman 2005, 263). Late in the book, Bell confides to the reader that for many years he has dialogued with this dead infant d aughter (McCarthy 2005, 285). In Jungian theory, that imaginary child would be considered a psychic reality. The novel’s ultimate meaning resides in two dreams about his dead father.In the first dream, â€Å"he give me some money and I think I lost it† (McCarthy 2005, 309). His father imparted something of great value to him for safekeeping, but he misplaced it, perhaps irretrievably. The second dream is a powerful reiteration of the first and evokes Jung’s famous dream of carrying a small light in the fog (Jung 1961/1965, 88). The setting is a cold, snowy night in a remote mountain pass. Bell and his father ride horseback. It was like we was both back in older times and I was on horseback goin through this pass in the mountains.It was cold and there was snow on the ground and he rode past me and kept on goin. Never said nothing. He just rode on past and he had this blanket wrapped around him and his head down and when he rode past I seen he was carryin fire in a horn the way people used to do and I could see the horn from the light inside of it. About the color of the moon. And in the dream I knew that he was goin on ahead and that he was fixin to make a fire somewhere out there in all that dark and all that cold and I knew that whenever I got there he would be there. (McCarthy 2005, 309)Although the dream can be viewed as regressive, in that it invokes Bell’s childhood relationship and a longing to live out an old, honorable myth that has become irrelevant in the modern world, it clearly carries teleological implications. Bell goes forward into the dark night, into the unknown, toward death. He and his father ride horses, numinous animals in McCarthy’s work that suggest connection to anima or soul. Horses also represent an older and an arguably more connected way of moving through the world. Bell’s father carries fire, a symbol for the light of consciousness or spirit, in a horn, a Gnostic symbol of maturity. The hor n is a dual symbol: from one point of view it is penetrating in shape and therefore active and masculine in significance; and from the other it is shaped like a receptacle, which is feminine in meaning† (Cirlot 1962/1971, 151). While the image of the horn may suggest a new hieros gamos, a union of masculine and feminine energy, the dead father carries it, not the dream ego Maggie Bortz, Telos in No Country for Old Men and The Road 39 itself. Bell’s passivity in the dream seems problematic. On the other hand, it is conceivable that Bell’s lack of agency is an auspicious sign. In the absence of ego and into its emptiness an imaginal stream can flow, providing mythical solutions between the senexpuer contradictions† (Hillman 2005, 66). Bell’s own father aspects are deeply unconscious: he has no living children and, in this respect, has lost his father’s â€Å"inheritance,† a future presence in the chain of life. Paradoxically, behind Bellà ¢â‚¬â„¢s senex mask we find a son looking for the father within. As in most of McCarthy’s books, the missing psychic presence is the father: there is never a shortage of symbolically fatherless boys in his work.However, in this novel, the puer appears in the form of Bell as an old man. Bell’s unconscious frames its message in terms of a reunion and recalibration of the father and the son, as though directly addressing the split masculine archetype that appears to block the evolution of our culture. â€Å"This split gives us . . . the search of the son for his father and the longing of the father for his son, which is the search and longing for one’s own meaning† (Hillman 2005, 61). The dream image suggests a path of potential healing, a â€Å"union of sames† in this split archetype, and might represent the nascent emergence of a new myth.In the end, the dream’s telos remains hauntingly ambiguous. We are only at the beginning of a process. In the face of such pervasive and unbridled evil and unconsciousness, one man’s individuation seems like a very small thing, a very small thing that requires much effort, attention, devotion, and suffering. The last line of the book immediately follows the second dream: â€Å"Then I woke up† (McCarthy 2005, 309). â€Å"Waking up,† increasing consciousness, is the entire point. And thus the novel ends on a slender strand of hope.We must dream this dream on, in the Jungian tradition, and look toward the next dream for further clarification. McCarthy’s post-apocalyptic novel, The Road, is properly understood as a psychological progression of No Country for Old Men. In The Road, McCarthy resolves the ambiguity of the quaternity image presented in No Country for Old Men. It becomes clear that the imagery portends a collective psychosis and, at the same time, the possibility that some individuals may be ready to assimilate unconscious content. In The Road, the ch thonic feminine as landscape has een killed off entirely in an unnamed catastrophe marked only by â€Å"a long shear of light and then a series of low concussions† (McCarthy 2006, 45). Given McCarthy’s long preoccupation with man’s proclivity toward evil, the apocalypse was likely manmade: perhaps an all-out nuclear war. There are few survivors. Civilization itself is a fading memory. A nameless father and son wander the scorched landscape, â€Å"the cauterized terrain,† hoping to scavenge enough canned food to survive while evading roving bands of cannibals (12). The boy’s mother has committed suicide in despair. 40 jung journal: culture & psyche 5:4 / fall 2011McCarthy seems to suggest that the feminine will be eradicated from the picture entirely, the negative mother complex played out to its inevitable conclusion in man’s escalating shadow enactments before work on the fundamental problem can begin in what is left of humanity. As Anton C higurh says, â€Å"one’s path through the world seldom changes and even more seldom will it change abruptly† (McCarthy 2005, 259). Despite the horrors, a new symbol, the image of a divine child, an elaboration of the dream imagery of No Country for Old Men, does emerge out of the ruin and ashes of The Road.This symbol arises from the ground of catastrophic loss. The end of the via longissima is the child. But the child begins in the realm of Saturn, in lead or rock, ashes or blackness, and it is there the child is realized. It is warmed to life in a bath of cinders, for only when a problem is finally worn to nothing, wasted and dry can it reveal a wholly unexpected essence. Out of the darkest, coldest, most remote burnt out state of the complex the phoenix rises. Petra genetrix: out of the stone a child is born. (Hillman 2005, 64)In The Road, the father and son are â€Å"each other’s world entire† (McCarthy 2006, 5), representing a â€Å"union of samesâ €  in the masculine archetype and, possibly, the beginning of a new cultural myth. The nameless father in The Road struggles to â€Å"evoke the forms. Where you’ve nothing else construct ceremonies out of the air and breathe upon them† (63). He views his son as a sacred being. As he is dying, the father sees his son â€Å"standing there in the road looking back at him from some unimaginable future, glowing in that waste like a tabernacle† (230). Unlike Jesus, this son is not sacrificed back to the father. In the puer is a father drive—not to find him, reconcile with him, be loved and receive a blessing, but rather to transcend the father which act redeems the father’s limitations† (Hillman 2005, 161). The father’s job is to initiate the son before he dies: to provide a sense of meaning that makes existence tolerable. In The Road, individual meaning is symbolized in the son’s sacred responsibility to carry the light of conscio usness, the only thing of value in a post-apocalyptic world, into the overwhelming darkness that confronts him. This fragile possibility, however, resides in the individual, not within a culture or group.Critic Kenneth Lincoln saw McCarthy’s novels as â€Å"lamentational canticles of warning, not directives† (2009, 2). Part of Bell’s function is prophetic: he hints at â€Å"where we’re headed† (McCarthy 2005, 303). â€Å"I know as certain as death that there aint nothin short of the second comin of Christ that can slow this train† (159). McCarthy is first and foremost a storyteller. He is not an activist and does not make prescriptive statements, and it is a mistake to read him that way. The blind man in The Crossing explains the function of storytellers. â€Å"He said that they had no desire to entertain him nor yet even to instruct him.He said that it was their whole bent only to tell what was true and that otherwise they had no purpose a t all† (McCarthy 1999b, 284). I imagine that McCarthy shares the blind man’s views and also those of Jung, who in writing about art Maggie Bortz, Telos in No Country for Old Men and The Road 41 underscored the fundamental depth psychological tenet that â€Å"a dream never says ‘you ought’ or ‘this is the truth. ’ It presents an image in much the same way as nature allows a plant to grow, and it is up to us to draw conclusions† (1930/1966, CW 15,  ¶161).Those of us who are conscious enough to draw conclusions from this work must do so now and prepare ourselves as best we can for the dark new world to come. endnote 1. Bellerophon, son of the King of Corinth, was the hero of Greek mythology who killed the Chimera. Bellerophon, inflated by his triumph, felt entitled to join the gods on Mount Olympus and attempted to fly there on the winged horse, Pegasus. His presumption offended Zeus, who orchestrated the hero’s dismount. Belleroph on plummeted to earth, crippled in the fall. note References to The Collected Works of C. G. Jung are cited in the text as CW, volume number, and paragraph number.The Collected Works are published in English by Routledge (UK) and Princeton University Press (USA). bibliography Bloom, Harold. 2009. Bloom’s modern critical views: Cormac McCarthy. New York: Infobase Publishing. Cirlot, Juan Eduardo. 1962/1971. A dictionary of symbols. Trans. Jack Sage. New York: Philosophical Library. Edinger, Edward F. 1994. Anatomy of the psyche: Alchemical symbolism in psychotherapy. Chicago: Open Court. Ellis, Jay. 2009. Fetish and collapse in No country for old men. In Bloom’s modern critical views: Cormac McCarthy, ed. Harold Bloom, 133–170. New York: Infobase Publishing. Frye, Steven. 2005.Yeats’ â€Å"Sailing to Byzantium† and McCarthy’s No country for old men: Art and artifice in the new novel. The Cormac McCarthy Journal, 5, 1: 14–20. Henderson, Joseph. 2005. Thresholds of initiation. Wilmette, IL: Chiron Publications. Hillman, James. 2005. Senex and puer. Putnam, CT: Spring. Jung, C. G. 1930/1966. Psychology and literature. The spirit in man, art, and literature. CW 15. ———. 1937/1969. Psychological factors determining human behavior. The structure and dynamics of the psyche. CW 8. ———. 1951/1968. The syzygy: Anima and animus. Aion. CW 9ii. ———. 1952/1969. Answer to Job. Psychology and religion: West and East.CW 11. ———. 1954/1968. Psychological aspects of the mother archetype. The archetypes and the collective unconscious. CW 9i. ———. 1957/1970. The undiscovered self (present and future). Civilization in transition. CW 10. ———. 1961/1965. Memories, dreams, reflections. Recorded and ed. by Aniela Jaffe. Trans. Richard and Clara Winston. New York: Vintage Books. Lincoln, Kenneth. 2009. Cormac McCart hy: American canticles. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. McCarthy, Cormac. 1985. Blood meridian: Or the evening redness in the west. New York: Random House. 42 jung journal: culture & psyche 5:4 / fall 2011 McCarthy, Cormac. 1999a.All the pretty horses. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ———. 1999b. The crossing. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ———. 2005. No country for old men. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ———. 2006. The road. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. No country for old men. 2007. Screenplay by Ethan Coen and Joel Coen. Based on the novel by Cormac McCarthy, No country for old men, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. Directed by Ethan Coen and Joel Coen. Pauli, Wolfgang, and C. G. Jung. 1992/2001. Atom and archetype: The Pauli/Jung letters, 1932– 1958. Eds. Carl Alfred Meier, Charles Paul Enz, and Markus Fierz. Trans. David Roscoe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Philipson, Morris. 1992. Outline of Jungian aesthetics. In Jungian literary criticism, ed. Richard Sugg, 214–227. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. Sharp, Daryl. 1991. C. G. Jung lexicon: A primer of terms and concepts. Toronto: Inner City Books. Stein, Murray. 1995. Jung on evil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Vanderheide, John. 2005. Varieties of renunciation in the works of Cormac McCarthy. The Cormac McCarthy Journal, 5, 1: 30–35. Voice of America. 2008. Cormac McCarthy and Thomas McGuane write stories set in the American west. Interviewed by B. Klein and S. Ember. Radio broadcast (February 11), voanews. om (accessed October 27, 2009). Yeats, William Butler. 1926/1952. Sailing to Byzantium. In Immortal poems of the English language, ed. Oscar Williams, 490. New York: Washington Square Press. maggie bortz earned an M. A. in Counseling Psychology with an emphasis in Depth Psychology from Pacifica Graduate Institute, Carpinteria, California, and an M. J. in Journalism from the University of California, Berkeley, Graduate School of Journalism. She is a Qualified Mental Health Professional (QMHP) working toward licensure as a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) at the Center for Family Development in Eugene, Oregon.She plans to open a private counseling practice in Portland in 2012. Correspondence: 5873 SW Terwilliger Blvd. , Portland, OR 97239. abstract This alchemical hermeneutical study analyzes Cormac McCarthy’s novels No Country for Old Men and The Road as cultural dreams using Jungian and post-Jungian theory. McCarthy’s work elucidates the archetypal process of individuation toward the mature masculine in our time. Following McCarthy’s imagery and James Hillman’s work, I focus on the split in the senex-puer archetype that structures the masculine psyche as the ultimate psychological site of our cultural dissociation.I also examine the teleological implications in the novel regarding the evolution of the God-image, which reflects manâ€℠¢s understanding of the objective psyche, as well as the nature and psychological function of human evil. key words alchemy, archetypal psychology, chthonic feminine, Coen brothers, cultural psychology, dream interpretation, Jungian interpretation of literature, landscape, literature as cultural dreaming, masculine archetypes, Cormac McCarthy, mechanization, No Country for Old Men, puer, The Road, senex, symbol Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.